Background: Regarding the increasing resistance of bacteria against antibiotics and the existence of antibacterial compounds in plants, we here investigated the antimicrobial effects of the methanolic extracts of several plants on pathogenic bacteria. Methods: Ten grams of the dry ingredients of Eryngiumcaucasicumtrautv (leaf), Saponariaofficinalis (flower), Froriepiasubpinnata (leaf), MalvaSylvestris (leaf), and Urticadioica (leaf) was poured in 100 mL of methanol and shaken for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the extracts were strained and dried in the oven, and their antimicrobial activity at the 100 mg/mL concentration was evaluated against the mentioned bacteria using the sinkhole method. Results: The plant extracts inhibited the growth of all bacteria in various degrees. Among all the plant extracts used, that of F. subpinnata delivered the largest diameter of growth inhibition zone (6 mm) against S. dysenteriae, and the extracts of E. caucasicum and F. subpinnata showed the largest diameter of inhibition zone against Xanthomonas translucens. Also, the extract of M. sylvestris delivered the largest inhibition zone diameter (8 mm) against E. coli. Conclusions: Our results showed that the methanolic extract of E. caucasicum was the most effective plant extract against S. dysenteriae, Rathayibacter tritici, and L. monocytogenes, but M. sylvestris extract revealed the greatest impact on E. coli. It is recommended to further investigate the antibacterial compounds of these plants as potential treatments for bacterial infections.
Background: Superiority of levetiracetam over phenytoin for postcraniotomy seizure prophylaxis in patients with a supratentorial brain tumor is controversial. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for postcraniotomy seizure prophylaxis in supratentorial brain tumor.Methods: In a randomized controlled trial study, 80 patients with a supratentorial brain tumor who underwent craniotomy were allocated to levetiracetam or phenytoin group, 40 patients each. Seizure prophylaxis was started 5 days before the surgery and continued until 90 days after surgery. Phenytoin group received 100 mg oral phenytoin 3 times a day. The levetiracetam group received 500 mg oral levetiracetam 2 times a day. The primary outcome was the incidence of postcraniotomy seizures. The secondary outcome measure was the safety profile of the drugs.Results: All patients of the phenytoin group and 39 patients of levetiracetam completed the study. Two seizures developed in the study population, 1 in the phenytoin group (2.5%) and 1 in the levetiracetam group (2.6%) (P = 0.710). Renal or hepatic dysfunction was not observed in any patients. Wound hematoma was seen in 5 patients (12.5%) of the phenytoin and 6 patients (15.4%) of the levetiracetam group (P = 0.481). Skin rash developed in 3 patients (7.5%) of the phenytoin group and no patient of the levetiracetam group (P = 0.132). Thrombocytopenia was detected in 1 patient of the phenytoin group (2.5%) and no patient of the levetiracetam group (P = 0.511). None of the adverse events led to drug withdrawal.Conclusion: These results reveal no superiority of levetiracetam over phenytoin for postcraniotomy seizure prophylaxis in supratentorial brain tumor.
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