Study aim: To develop a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess parents’ postural knowledge. Material and methods: This questionnaire was conducted on 30 Iranian parents. The questionnaire assessed knowledge of abnormalities in body posture and ergonomic knowledge of parents, which were in line with their postural knowledge. The kappa coefficient (test–retest reliability) of the questionnaire included assessing its stability over 1 week among 30 participants. The validity of the content of the questionnaire was checked and agreed upon by three experts from three different institutions. Results: The kappa coefficient for 19 questions and their 46 sub-questions ranged from 0.30 to 1. Out of these items, 89% (n = 41) had a value of 0.6 or above and 11% (n = 5) were below 0.6. Questions were categorized as “no change expected” (0.86÷1), “change unlikely” (0.68÷1), and “change likely” (0.30÷0.68). Conclusions: The Parent’s Postural Knowledge Questionnaire was found to be highly reliable and its contents relevant for the assessment of postural knowledge among Iranian parents. This tool is appropriate for studying larger populations in the variable of interest.

Background Knowledge about prevalence and etiology of running-related injuries (RRIs) is important to tailor an effective RRI prevention program. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and etiology of RRIs in Iranian recreational runners.Methods An internet-based self-developed questionnaire was sent to recreational runners recruited through social media. The questionnaire asked about personal and training characteristics, psychological factors (passion, BERQ-2, RAND-36), SQUASH, sleep, foot type and RRIs over the last six months. Data were analyzed descriptively and using logistic regression.Results Self-reported data from 804 questionnaires were analyzed. Twenty-five potential risk factors for RRIs were investigated. The male-to-female proportion was 57.5:42.5. 54% of runners reported at least one RRI. Patellofemoral pain syndrome was the most-reported injury (19.8%), followed by medial tibial stress syndrome (16.9%). Knee was the most-affected location (44.6%), followed by lower leg (19.2%). The variables associated with RRIs were: overweight (odds ratio (OR):1.77), pes planus (OR:1.81), running over 20 km/week (OR:1.62), hard-surface running (OR:1.38), running company (OR:1.74), following a training program (OR:1.50), obsessive passionate attitude (OR:1.05), RAND-36 (OR:0.96), and sleep quality (OR:1.46). Associated factors for all different RRI types were analyzed too.Conclusions Overweight, running over 20 km/week, hard-surface running, having pes planus or cavus, higher obsessive passion, lower RAND-36, and poor sleep quality were the most predictive risk factors for RRIs types. This study highlighted the importance of psychological factors besides abnormal foot arch and some training-related risk factors for RRIs in Iranian runners. These results may be useful for runners and coaches to tailor effective training programs and to design RRI prevention programs that may help clinicians when managing RRIs.

Background and Aims: The purpose of the present research was to compare the effect and follow up of eight-week corrective exercises with and without the myofascial release forward head and forward shoulder deformity in young adults. Methods: A total of 45 male students suffering from abnormal forward head more than 46° and forward shoulder more than 52° deformity with the Mean±SD age of 22.12±2.88 years, height of 175.44±6.80 cm, and weight of 71.21±7.31 kg were selected and randomly distributed in three groups: corrective exercises, combinational exercises (corrective and myofascial release), and control. These groups performed the exercises for eight weeks under the direct observation of the researcher. Prior to starting the exercises, after the end of eighth week, and four weeks after the end of the exercises, the angles of the forward head and forward shoulder of the participants were measured using a photography method. Then, the collected data was analyzed using the variance analysis tests with repeated measurements and ANCOVA. Results: The results showed that the degree of forward head and forward shoulder after eight weeks of exercises in both training groups in post-test and follow-up test was significantly lower than those of the pretest. The ANCOVA test results also demonstrated that the forward shoulder degree in corrective exercises group with myofascial release in post-test and follow-up test was significantly lower than that of the corrective exercises (P≤0.05). However, the forward head degree did not show a significant difference between the intervention groups in post-test and follow-up tests (P≥0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, it can be stated that the corrective exercises program with myofascial release is more effective than the corrective exercises in correcting the forward shoulder deformity.

Purpose: Ankle sprain is one of the most common sports injuries and many people suffer from chronic ankle instability after ankle sprains. Changes in the function of the lower limbs following chronic ankle instability make a person susceptible to re-injury of ankle sprains. Therefore, the purpose of this study was a systematic review of studies that investigated the kinematic changes of the lower limbs in people with chronic ankle instability during unilateral jump landing tasks. Methods: Articles in English were searched in Google Scholar, Science direct, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest and Cochrane Library databases without time limitation until 2021 with keywords related to "chronic ankle instability", "kinematics" and "single leg jump-landing". Inclusion criteria include; the subjects were male and female with ankle instability and the type of single leg jump-landing task. The modified checklist of Downs and Black (1998) was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. Results: Based on the entry and exit criteria and the study quality review, finally, 15 articles out of 762 studies, which investigated the kinematics of the lower limbs in performance of unilateral jump landing, were comprehensively examined. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, individuals with chronic ankle instability showed kinematic changes in the lower limbs during various unilateral jump landing tasks. These changes are possible factors for the recurrence of ankle sprain injury. This shows the necessity of developing and creating a rehabilitation program that comprehensively considers the kinematic changes.

Background and Aims To compare the effect of active and passive static stretching hamstrings on flexibility and lumbar-pelvic rhythm in non-athlete men with hamstring shortness. Clinical observa‌tions have suggested that hamstring tightness influences the lumbar pelvic rhythm and may be associated with modifications in the sagittal spine curvatures during trunk flexion. Thigh hamstring can restrict hip movement, thereby increasing lumbar spine motion and causing back pain due to their influence on spino-pelvic rhythm during forward bending. Methods Hamstring muscle shortness was measured using the SLR and 90-90SLR tests. Measurements of the lumbar pelvic rhythm were recorded in the three-phase forward bending by spinal mouse. Variables include pelvic rotation, lumbar and thorasic flexion. Active and passive static stretching were respectively Jack-knife and kneeling hamstring stretching techniques. To compare pre- test and post- test values of active and passive static stretching groups was used paired t-test and Wilcoxon test. Also to investigate the difference between active and passive static stretching groups was used Ancova and U-Mann Whitney tests. Results After 6 weeks of active and passive static stretching total pelvic rotation was significantly increased in contrast to total lumbar flexion (P0/05). Conclusion Active and passive static stretching could change the lumbo-pelvic rhythm to a pelvic-dominant motion, indicating that flexible hamstring are important for preventing low back pain and other problems associated with disturbance of the lumbo-lumbar rhythm.