Properties of metals are fundamentally determined by their electron behavior, which is largely reflected by the electron work function (u). Recent studies have demonstrated that many properties of metallic materials are directly related to u, which may provide a simple but fundamental parameter for material design. Since material properties are affected by temperature, in this article a simple model is proposed to correlate the work function with temperature, expressed as uðT Þ ¼ u 0 À c ðkBT Þ 2 u 0 , where c varies with the crystal structure. This u À T relationship helps determine and explain the dependence of metal properties on temperature on a feasible electronic base. As a sample application, the established relationship is applied to determine the dependence of the Young's modulus of metals on temperature. The proposed relationship is consistent with experimental observations. Material properties are fundamentally correlated to the electron behavior, which is largely reflected by the electron work function [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. This correlation with work function includes a number of factors, including the Young's modulus, thermal expansion and heat capacity [9][10][11]. Recent studies [10][11][12] have shown that it may be more feasible to use the work function in material design compared to relevant quantum theories, since the latter are rather difficult to apply in material design, especially for structural materials.Many properties of materials are strongly affected by temperature. This is probably related to the influence of temperature on the behavior of electrons. The main objective of this work is to establish a relationship between the work function and temperature, so that the dependence of the material properties on temperature can be predicted via the effect of temperature on the work function, which also helps our fundamental understanding of such dependence. With the established u À T relationship, we have predicted the dependence of the Young's modulus on temperature as a sample application.Regarding the effect of temperature on Young's modulus, a model to describe the variation in elastic modulus with temperature was first proposed by Born and Huang in 1954 [13], in which the temperature dependence of elastic modulus results from non-harmonic changes in lattice potential energy, originally caused by lattice vibrations [13,14]. They demonstrated that the Young's modulus varied with T 4 . Although consistent with the third law of thermodynamics, experimental results show that this dependence is quite limited, as it is only valid when the temperature approaches absolute zero, which is ultimately negligible when considering the larger ranges of temperature (e.g. 100-1000 K) that are more meaningful to engineering applications of metallic materials at various temperatures. Wachtman et al. [15] have shown, through experimental data fitting, that the Young's modulus may be described aswhere E 0 ; B and T 0 are empirical constants. However, such an empirical equation does not provide a clear ...
Intensity of positron reemission from a metal is related to its work function. This property is dependent on temperature and can be modified with temperature control. In this article a simple model is proposed to explain and predict the variation of the positron work function with temperature. The dependence of slow positron yield of metals on temperature is predicted based on this model and the critical temperatures at which the slow positron yield is maximum is calculated. The proposed model is consistent with experimental observations.
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