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This paper investigates the effectiveness of the private browsing modes built into four major Internet browsers. In examining the phenomenon of the private browsing modes built into four widely used Internet browsers, this paper aims to determine whether one can identify when a private browsing mode has been utilized by a suspect to perform a criminal or illegal act and to what extent the forensic examination of a computer can expose evidence of private browsing use.

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Similar to traditional evidence, courts of law do not assume that digital evidence is reliable if there is no evidence of some empirical testing regarding the theories and techniques pertaining to its production. Courts take a careful notice of the way in which digital evidence has been acquired and stored. In contrast with traditional crimes for which there are well-established standards and procedures upon which courts can rely, there are no formal procedures or models for digital data acquisition to which courts of law can refer. A standardised data acquisition process model is needed to enable digital forensic investigators to follow a uniform approach, and to assist courts of law in determining the reliability of digital evidence presented to them. This paper proposes a model that is standardised in that it can enable digital forensic investigators in following a uniform approach, and that is generic in that it can be applied in both law enforcement and corporate investigations. To carry out the research presented in the paper, the design science research process (DSRP) methodology proposed by Peffers et al. (2006) has been followed.

This review paper assesses the existing body of knowledge associated with digital forensic investigation process models. To this end, eleven of the existing models are critically reviewed and evaluated against an assessment criteria, namely the Daubert Test, to determine which models have taken the most scientific approach. This review and assessment reveal that the authors of these models have developed their models based on their own personal experience and on an ad-hoc basis. The critical review and assessment also reveal that there does not exist a comprehensive model encompassing the entire digital investigative process that is formal in that it synthesizes, harmonizes and extends the previous models, and that is generic in that it can be applied in the different fields of law enforcement, commerce and incident response.

Varioussocialnetworkingsites(SNSs),widelyreferredtoassocialmedia,provideservicessuchas email,blogging,instantmessagingandphotosharingforsocialandcommercialinteractions.SNSsare facilitatingnewformsofsocialinteraction,dialogue,exchangeandcollaboration.Theyallowmillions ofusersandorganisationsworldwidetoexchangeideas,postupdatesandcommentsorparticipatein activitiesandevents,whilesharingtheirwiderinterests.Atthesametime,suchaphenomenonhas ledtoanupsurgeinsignificantcriminalactivitiesbyperpetratorswhoarebecomingincreasingly sophisticatedintheirattemptstodeploytechnologytocircumventdetection.DigitalforensicExaminers (DFEs)oftenfaceseriouschallengesinrelationtodataacquisition.Therefore,thisarticleaimsto analysethesignificanceofSNSsinDFIsandchallengesthatDFEsoftenencounterwhenacquiring evidencefromSNSs.Furthermore,thisarticledescribesthestepsofthedigitalforensicinvestigation processthatmustbetakentoacquiredigitalevidencethatisbothauthenticandforensicallysound.