Synthesis of dithiocarbamates from vinyl sulfones/sulfoxides and the corresponding polymers with a dithiocarbamate backbone using divinyl sulfone and diamines is reported.
-One of the best improvement methods of soft soils, especially in order to increase the stability of embankments in highway, big way, rail way and soil structures is using of stone column. The stone column into soft soils improves strengthen parameters against settlement and high displacements with increasing the bearing capacity, stability and flexibility of the embankment. Also using of Geosynthetic as reinforcement can reduce destructive displacements and increases stability of the embankment which constructed over soft soil. Therefore, in this study, in addition to providing the results of numerical experiments, the influence of a reinforced stone column by Geosynthetic in compare to when an ordinary stone column is used, has been investigated. The two-dimensional dynamic finite element program (PLAXIS8.2) is used to carry out all the numerical experiments. In this study, for achieving to optimum design, with analysing of the Primary Components such as Geometric parameters, stiffness of materials, stiffness of reinforcements and shear strength of the soft soil, some useful and technical comments have been presented.
Objectives Granisetron and lidocaine injections have been used for the management of myofascial pain syndrome. This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of granisetron and lidocaine injections to trigger points of upper trapezius in the management of myofascial pain syndrome. Methods We performed a double-blind randomized clinical trial in an outpatient clinic of physical medicine and rehabilitation at a teaching hospital. A total of 40 patients aged ≥18 with neck pain due to myofascial pain syndrome were included. They had pain for at least one month with the intensity of at least 30 mm on a 100 mm visual analog scale. Each participant received a single dose of 1 mL lidocaine 2% or 1 mg (in 1 mL) granisetron. The solutions were injected into a maximum of three trigger points of the upper trapezius. We instructed all patients to remain active while avoiding strenuous activity for three or four days, and to perform stretch exercise and massage of their upper trapezius muscles. We assessed the patients before the interventions, and one month and three months post-injection. The primary outcome was the Neck Disability Index and the secondary outcome was the Neck Pain and Disability Scale. Results Both interventions were successful in reducing neck pain and disability (all p-values <0.001). However, the neck pain and disability responded more favorably to lidocaine than granisetron (p=0.001 for Neck Disability Index, and p=0.006 for Neck Pain and Disability Scale). No significant side-effect was recognized for both groups. Conclusions Both lidocaine and granisetron injections to trigger points are effective and safe for the management of the syndrome and the benefits remain at least for three months. However, lidocaine is more effective in reducing pain and disability. The injections are well-tolerated, although a transient pain at the site of injections is a common complaint. One mL of lidocaine 2% is more effective than 1 mg (in 1 mL) granisetron for injecting into the trigger points of the upper trapezius in myofascial pain syndrome.
Four new thia-and four new aza-crown ethers were synthesized using the reaction of ethylene glycols ditosylated with 1,1´-(2,2´-dihydroxynaphthyl)sulfide (DNS) and 2,6-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)-4-phenylpyridine in acetonitrile as solvent in the presence of bases (LiOH, NaOH, KOH and Cs 2 CO 3 ). In the synthesis of macrocycles based on DNS, the template effects of alkaline metal ions; Li + , Na + , K + and Cs + on the reaction yields were investigated. Sodium template generally was more effective for the synthesis of all four macrocycles. Relatively, good yields of 15-and 18-membered macrocycles were obtained in the presence of all kinds of applied cations. K + Cation was more effective template ion than Na + in the formation of 18-membered macrocycles due to their larger cavity size compared to the 15-membered cycles. The structures of macrocycles were confirmed by CHN/O analysis, IR, 1 H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry.
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