Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. More than 17 million people die worldwide from CVD per year. There is considerable evidence suggesting that estrogen modulates cardiovascular physiology and function in both health and disease, and that it could potentially serve as a cardioprotective agent. The effects of estrogen on cardiovascular function are mediated by nuclear and membrane estrogen receptors (ERs), including estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), and G-protein-coupled ER (GPR30 or GPER). Receptor binding in turn confers pleiotropic effects through both genomic and non-genomic signaling to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. Each ER has been implicated in multiple pre-clinical cardiovascular disease models. This review will discuss current reports on the underlying molecular mechanisms of the ERs in regulating vascular pathology, with a special emphasis on hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and atherosclerosis, as well as in regulating cardiac pathology, with a particular emphasis on ischemia/reperfusion injury, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Introduction and Background Atmospheric pollutants are elements whose high concentrations cause damage to the Earth's biological cycles, and its concentration is usually determined by concentrations of air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and suspended particles. Air pollutants have changed the composition of air and affect the air quality of local, regional and global climate. Air quality is strongly influenced by climatic conditions, topography, automobiles and industries, transportation system and the type and amount of pollutants. Aims The purpose of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of climate elements on the quality and pollution of Tehran metropolitan air. Methodology The research method is quantitative-analytical and the data also includes selected meteorological parameters and air pollution in Tehran. The path analysis method was used to study the effects of climate elements on air quality in Tehran metropolis. This method investigates the causal relations of direct and indirect effects and the total effect of each of the independent variables on dependent variables which is Tehran air quality and interprets the relationships and correlations observed between them. In the process of analyzing the path, a theoretical diagram based on the possible effects of variables relative to each other wll be considered as the initial assumption, and then after the path analysis, variables affecting the final graph of the path are specified and interpreted. Conclusion The results of the research have shown that, given the wide and important performance of meteorological data in this study, we must consider the meteorological factor as a decisive parameter that has great control over many other factors affecting the air quality of Tehran. This factor has played a significant role in both direct and indirect effects on Tehran's air quality.
Background Advances in surgical and anesthetic techniques have led to a growing interest in performing procedures at ambulatory surgery centers. However, procedures involving the oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal region may lead to the ingestion of blood which can lead to postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). To date, limited studies have largely failed to demonstrate the benefits of oropharyngeal throat packing. Objectives This study aims to investigate whether throat packing during elective septorhinoplasty increases the incidence of postoperative throat pain and assess its effects on PONV. Methods A randomized, prospective, single-blinded study was performed on 101 patients undergoing elective septorhinoplasty who received oropharyngeal throat packing versus no packing to compare the incidence of PONV and throat pain in the immediate postoperative period in addition to postoperative day (POD) 1 and 2. Results The incidence and severity of postoperative throat pain were significantly greater in patients receiving throat packs in the immediate postoperative period and on POD 1. Significant differences in throat pain and incidence between the two groups diminished by POD 2. Patients having received throat packs also demonstrated a higher usage of opioids in post anesthesia care unit (PACU). The incidence of PONV was not significantly different between the two cohorts at any point of observations. Conclusions This study demonstrates results that largely agree with previous data that throat packs may contribute to postoperative throat pain while not significantly altering the incidence of PONV. Considering this data, we do not recommend routine use of throat packing during elective septorhinoplasty.
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