Least mean square (LMS) adaptive filter has been used to extract life signals from serious ambient noises and interferences in biomedical applications. However, a LMS adaptive filter with a fixed step size always suffers from slow convergence rate or large signal distortion due to the diversity of the application environments. An ideal adaptive filtering system should be able to adapt different environments and obtain the useful signals with low distortion. Adaptive filter with gradient adaptive step size is therefore more desirable in order to meet the demands of adaptation and convergence rate, which adjusts the step-size parameter automatically by using gradient descent technique. In this paper, a novel gradient adaptive step size LMS adaptive filter is presented. The proposed algorithm utilizes two adaptive filters to estimate gradients accurately, thus achieves good adaptation and performance. Though it uses two LMS adaptive filters, it has a low computational complexity. An active noise cancellation (ANC) system with two applications for extracting heartbeat and lung sound signals from noises is used to simulate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Gradient adaptive step size adaptive filters have been widely used to adapt different biomedical application environments and obtain useful life signals from serious ambient noise and interferences. In order to further improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the life signals, this paper presents a class of signed-gradient adaptive step size least mean square (LMS) adaptive filters. The proposed algorithms introduce a sign function to replace the gradient of squared error in the step size updating process of the gradient adaptive step size LMS adaptive filters. The performance of both gradient and signed-gradient algorithms with dual adaptive filters is compared by extracting heartbeat signals from ambient noise in stethoscopes. Simulation results demonstrate that though the signed-gradient adaptive step size LMS algorithm converges at a slower rate at the early stage of iteration, it has a smaller mean squared error (MSE) at the stage of convergence, thus achieves a higher SNR.
Life signals from human body, e.g. heartbeat or electrocardiography (ECG), are usually weak and susceptible to external noise and interference. Adaptive filter is a good tool to reduce the influence of ambient noise/interference on the life signals. Least mean squares (LMS) algorithm, as one of most popular adaptive algorithms for active noise cancellation (ANC) by adaptive filtering, has the advantage of easy implementation. In order to further decrease the complexity of LMS algorithm based adaptive filter, a Log-LMS algorithm was proposed, which quantized signals by the function of log2. The algorithm can replace multipliers by simple shifting. However, both LMS algorithm and Log-LMS algorithm have the disadvantage of serious signal distortion in biomedical applications. In this paper, a modified Log-LMS algorithm is presented, which divides the convergence process into two different stages, and utilizes different quantization method in each stage. Two scenarios of biomedical applications are used for analysis, 1) using stethoscope in emergence medical helicopter and 2) measuring ECG under power line interference. The simulated results show that the modified algorithm can achieve fast convergence and low signal distortion in processing periodic life signals.
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