Background: Physiotherapy is a health care profession. Physiotherapy plays a significant role in all levels of health. The higher secondary students are potential students for Bachelor of Physiotherapy programme. It is important to have good awareness and positive attitude about various occupation and professions that are related to his/her field of study. This study aimed at identifying the awareness level and their attitude about the profession which may provide adequate information to strategize the measures to enhance it further.Objective: To study the awareness and attitude about Physiotherapy among higher secondary students.
Materials and Methods:A survey was conducted using a questionnaire that was modified and adapted with permission from a similar study done by Thusharike D. Dissanyaka. Forty five higher secondary students with science group from Sakthi tuition center, Thanjavur participated in this study. The questionnaire was analyzed and interpreted.Results: Only 9% aware of all four (Manual therapy, Ice/heat therapy, hydrotherapy, electrotherapy & exercise therapy) components of Physiotherapy. The most commonly known treatment means of Physiotherapy is manual therapy followed by exercise therapy and electrotherapy and the least awareness is about hydrotherapy technique. The highest number of respondents (80%) replied Physiotherapy is used in musculoskeletal conditions, and only 17% replied Physiotherapy is used in peadiatrics.
Conclusion and Clinical Implication:The awareness about the profession is less satisfactory. Appropriate measures have to be taken to increase the awareness and create a good attitude towards the Physiotherapy profession.
Alpha hemolysin is a toxin secreted by Escherichia coli causes cell death by binding with the outer membrane, with subsequent oligomerization of the toxin monomer and waterfilled channels. These are responsible for osmotic phenomena, cell depolarization, and loss of vital molecules, leading to its demise. A total of 20 clinical isolates of E. coli were screened for the presence of hlyA gene by PCR. We have observed 60% positivity among our isolates. There are several virulent factors that are associated with urinary tract infections, production of alpha hemolysin one amongst those factors also play a crucial role in pathogenesis of UTI.
INTRODUCTIONEscherichia coli causes different infections that possess numerous virulence factors, including hemolysin production. E. coli α-hemolysin (HlyA) produces large, clear zones of hemolysis around colonies on blood agar. The hemolysin is present in cell-free filtrates and is the best characterized member of the RTX (repeat in toxin) toxin family [1] . HlyA lyses cells by the creating pores in the target cell membrane and affects erythrocytes, leukocytes [3] , and renal tubular cells [2] . It also acts on polymorphonuclear granulocytes liberates leukotrienes, histamine, and ATP [4] and is neutralized by specific antiserum.Sublytic concentrations of this toxin induce various reactions in eukaryotic target cells which lead to cellular dysfunction [5] . The hly operon required for synthesis and extracellular secretion of E. coli hemolysinwhich contains four structural genes arranged in the order hlyC, hlyA, hlyB, and hlyD [6] . Gene hlyA encodes 110-kDa hemolysin protein (pro-HlyA) which represents an inactive precursor of the mature toxin. The conversion of pro-HlyA to the hemolytically active hemolysin (HlyA) takes place in the cytoplasm of E. coli and is mediated by HlyCgene [2] . With this background our aims to detect the presence of hlyA gene among urinary isolates of E. coli.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Bacterial isolatesA total of 20 non repetitive urinary isolates of Escherichia coli were collected from Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Chennai. They were processed for a battery of standard biochemical tests and confirmed. Isolates were preserved in semisolid trypticase soy broth stock and were stored at 4 ºC until further use.
Antibiotic susceptibility testingAntibiotic susceptibility test was determined for these isolates to routinely used antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin, amikacin, norfloxacin, ceftazimide, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, imipenem as by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method [7].
Detection of hlyA gene in E.coliEscherichia coli isolates were detected for the presence of hlyA gene by PCR analysis. Detection of the gene was carried out using primer as depicted in table 1. Bacterial DNA was extracted by boiling lysis method. 1 µL of DNA extract was used as template for PCR reaction. The reaction mixture contained 1mM of Mgcl 2 0.2mM dNTP mix and 0.8µM of hlyA gene with 0.5U of Taq polymerase (New England Biolabs) in a 1x PCR b...
Dental implant surgery is the procedure in which replaces both the missing tooth and root with a stable, metal post called an implant. There are many significant drawbacks to the dental procedure and they include time consuming and invasive, a longer duration of treatment, patient cooperation, expensive, need for precision and subsequent follow up visits. A guided implant surgery is when the dentist utilizes advanced machinery and imaging technology to aid in the manufacture and placement of the dental implant in a more efficient, precise and accurate manner. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge of Undergraduate students in the field of implantology and to check their views regarding easier and more accurate placement of implants. A questionnaire based survey was done among 100 dental students. Probing questions regarding their knowledge of guided implant surgery were asked. The results were tabulated and analysed to get the result. It was seen that the majority of the students were aware of the advances in dental implantology. They understood the advantages of a guided implant surgery
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