Among radiation exposure pathways to human beings, inhalation dose is the most prominent one. Radon, thoron, and their progeny contribute more than 50 per cent to the annual effective dose due to natural radioactivity. South west coast of India is classified as a High Natural Background Radioactivity Area and large scale data on natural radioactivity and dosimetry are available from these coastal regions including the Neendakara-Chavara belt in the south of Kerala. However, similar studies and reports from the northern part of Kerala are scarce. The present study involves the data collection and analysis of radon, thoron, and progeny concentration in the Wayanad district of Kerala. The radon concentration was found to be within a range of 12–378 Bq/m3. The thoron concentration varied from 15 to 621 Bq/m3. Progeny concentration of radon and thoron and the diurnal variation of radon were also studied. In order to assess source term, wall and floor exhalation studies have been done for the houses showing elevated concentration of radon and thoron. The average values of radon, thoron, and their progeny are found to be above the Indian average as well as the average values reported from the High Natural Background Radioactivity Areas of Kerala. Exhalation studies of the soil samples collected from the vicinity of the houses show that radon mass exhalation rate varied from below detectable limit (BDL) to a maximum of 80 mBq/kg/h. The thoron surface exhalation rate ranged from BDL to 17470 Bq/m2/h.
A two-month-old female child presented with discrete skin-colored papules on the forehead and scalp. She was earlier diagnosed to have neuroblastoma of the adrenal gland which had metastasized to the liver. Histological sections of the skin lesion showed a nodule composed of sheets of cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and an occasional grooving of the nucleus. These cells were CD 68 positive. Eosinophilic abscesses were seen in between the neoplastic cells.
Background and aim: Radiation exposure to the thyroid gland during breast irradiation can lead to hypothyroidism and this can impact on the quality of life. The aim of this study was to analyse if there is any difference in the radiation dose received by the thyroid gland during supraclavicular irradiation for breast cancer, with two different neck positions—straight or when the head is turned to the contralateral side to the breast being treated, when using a conformal technique. Materials and methods: All patients who received chest wall/breast and supraclavicular irradiation for breast cancer in 2019 in our department were divided into two groups based on the neck position as SN (neck positioned straight) and TN (neck tilted to contralateral side). The volume of thyroid gland, the radiation dose and volume parameters for Dmax, Dmean, and V5 to V40 of the thyroid were tabulated. Results: There were 72 patients included in the study with a mean age of 59 years, with 39 in the SN group and 33 in the TN group. There was no significant difference in thyroid volume between the two groups. Dmean, V15, V20, V25, V30 and V35 were significantly lower in tilted neck patients as compared to straight neck patients. Conclusion: Neck positioned to the contralateral side of the breast primary may be recommended for conformal CT-based radiation planning.
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