Numerous studies on the bioavailability of graphene-based nanomaterials relate to the water-only exposure route. However, the sediment exposure route should be the most important pathway for benthic organisms to ingest graphene, while to date little work on the bioavailability of graphene in benthic organisms has been explored. In this study, with the help of carbon-14-labeled few-layer graphene (14C-FLG), we quantificationally compared the bioaccumulation, biodistribution, and elimination kinetics of 14C-FLG in loaches via waterborne and sediment exposures. After 72 h of exposure, the accumulated 14C-FLG in loaches exposed via waterborne was 14.28 μg/g (dry mass), which was 3.18 times higher than that (4.49 μg/g) exposed via sediment. The biodistribution results showed that, compared to waterborne exposure, sediment exposure remarkably facilitated the transport of 14C-FLG from the gut into the liver, which made it difficult to be excreted. Although 14C-FLG did not cause significant hepatotoxicity, the disruption of intestinal microbiota homeostasis, immune response, and several key metabolic pathways in the gut were observed, which may be due to the majority of 14C-FLG being accumulated in the gut. Overall, this study reveals the different bioavailabilities of graphene in loaches via waterborne and sediment exposures, which is helpful in predicting its bioaccumulation capability and trophic transfer ability.
The development of nanotechnology provides a feasible and effective way to reduce pesticide loss and improve pesticide utilization. In this study, we created chlorpyrifos-loaded mesoporous silica nanocomposites modified with polydopamine (Cpf-MSNs@PDA) for the smart control of pests. The release of Cpf from the nanocomposite was alkali triggered and temperature dependent, guaranteeing the sustained and steady effectiveness of the active constituent with prolonged persistence time. The modification with PDA endowed the nanocomposite with better foliar adhesion and rain erosion resistance. Compared with Cpf, the leaf slip angle of Cpf-MSNs@PDA was increased from 27° to 60°, and the rain erosion loss was reduced by 2.6 times. The insecticidal persistence of the Cpf-MSNs@PDA nanopesticide was measured and found to be better than that of commercial Cpf with bi-insecticidal pathways. In pathway 1, a small portion of Cpf (16.7%) was released from Cpf-MSNs@PDA in vitro to perform contact toxicity on Mythimna separata, which shows an advantage of sustained release. In pathway 2, after being ingested, the alkaline midgut microenvironment of M. separata triggered the degradation of Cpf-MSNs@PDA, inducing the release of all the Cpf to exert acute gastric toxicity. These results highlight the potential of a nanopesticide in the delivery of an active pesticide ingredient with low loss and high efficiency. The design of a smart nanocomposite for the control of a specific type of pest or disease provides ideas for the development of sustainable agriculture.
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