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Background Low-intensity light can decelerate neurodegenerative disease progression and reduce amyloid β (Aβ) levels in the cortex, though the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which photobiomodulation (PBM) protects against neurodegeneration are still in the early stages. Microglia cells play a key role in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease by causing chronic inflammation. We present new results concerning the PBM of both oxidative stress and microglia metabolism associated with the activation of metabolic processes by 808 nm near-infrared light. Methods The studies were carried out using healthy male mice to obtain the microglial cell suspension from the hippocampus. Oligomeric β-amyloid (1-42) was prepared and used to treat microglia cells. Light irradiation of cells was performed using diode lasers emitting at 808 nm (30 mW/cm2 for 5 min, resulting in a dose of 10 J/cm2). Mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS level studies, cell viability, apoptosis, and necrosis assays were performed using epifluorescence microscopy. Phagocytosis, nitric oxide and H2O2 production, arginase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were measured using standard assays. Cytokines, glucose, lactate, and ATP were measurements with ELISA. As our data were normally distributed, two-way ANOVA test was used. Results The light induces a metabolic shift from glycolysis to mitochondrial activity in pro-inflammatory microglia affected by oligomeric Aβ. Thereby, the level of anti-inflammatory microglia increases. This process is accompanied by a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and an activation of phagocytosis. Light exposure decreases the Aβ-induced activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that regulates the rate of the pentose phosphate pathway, which activates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases to further produce ROS. During co-cultivation of neurons with microglia, light prevents the death of neurons, which is caused by ROS produced by Aβ-altered microglia. Conclusions These original data clarify reasons for how PBM protects against neurodegeneration and support the use of light for therapeutic research in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Graphical Abstract

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become one of the most worrying health conditions with no effective treatment available with the increase in population aging. A large number of clinical studies and experiments proved that photobiomodulation (PBM) had a positive effect on AD treatment. The irradiation with red and near-infrared light at a low dose can effectively reduce an accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the central nervous system, relieving the symptoms of AD. This review summarizes the parameters of PBM for AD treatment studied on cells, animals, and in clinical trials, as well as the dose–effect relationship of PBM treatment for AD. The mechanisms of PBM on the cellular level, which include regulation of microglia and astrocytes that may affect Aβ plaque elimination are also discussed.

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Due to the increase in the average age of humans, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become one of the disorders with the highest incidence worldwide. Abnormal amyloid β protein (Aβ) accumulation is believed to be the most common cause of AD. Therefore, distinguishing the lesion areas can provide clues for AD diagnosis. Here, we present an optical spectroscopy and imaging approach based on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). Label-free vibrational imaging of Aβ in a mouse model of AD was performed to distinguish the lesion areas by studying the spectra of regions with and without Aβ plaques. Raman spectra in Aβ and non-Aβ regions exhibited a specific difference in the intensity ratio of the wave peaks detected at 2850 and 2930 cm–1. In the non-Aβ region, the ratio of the peak intensity at 2850 cm–1 to that at 2930 cm–1 was approximately 1, whereas that in the Aβ region was 0.8. This label-free vibrational imaging may provide a new method for the clinical diagnosis and basic research of AD.

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Propagating and breeding of beef cattles is an important part of beef cattle production. It is very important for the beef cattle farming industry to breed excellent varieties through scientific breeding. China is in the development stage of the breeding industry, which is especially prominent. We designed and developed a cattle breeding management system based on the whole industry chain data records. The system can record the information of each beef cattle's estrus breeding, pregnancy test and abortion or birth, and handle the analysis records and give corresponding warning. At the same time, in the process of registration of estrus breeding information, the system calculated the descendant inbreeding coefficient of the cows' artificial insemination automatically to select better quality frozen semen. Finally the system can make the management more scientific and improve the effect of cattle breeding.