The primary purpose of this study was to examine perceived stress in doctor of pharmacy students during their first, second, and third years of their program in a fully implemented new curriculum. The secondary objectives were to determine if there is a relationship between perceived stress and certain demographic variables, to compare student pharmacist perceived stress to the perceived stress in the general population, and to examine student reported stressors during pharmacy school and coping strategies employed for those stressors. A previously validated survey (Perceived Stress Scale-10) was given to first, second, and third year student pharmacists. Females exhibited higher mean stress scores than males. The under 22 years and over 32 years age categories exhibited higher mean stress scores than the 22 to 26 year old student population. There was no significant difference in perceived stress scores between classes of the program. Only a portion of the variation in stress scores was predicted by gender, age, marital status, race, and year in curriculum. Stress scores among these student pharmacists are higher overall than those in previously published probability samples in the general population. Class assignments and completing electronic portfolios were the top stressors reported. Spending time with family and friends was the most frequent coping mechanism reported. Programming related to stress reduction (particularly among female and nontraditional age students) appears warranted.
Objective. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate perceived stress among PGY1 pharmacy residents. The secondary objective was to examine relationships between perceived stress and certain demographic variables. Main stressors during residency training and coping mechanisms used were also determined. Methods.A link to a web-based survey was sent to 1128 pharmacy residency program directors who were asked to forward it to current PGY1 residents in their programs. The 22-item questionnaire included the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), demographic information, number of working/sleeping hours, and major stressors and coping mechanisms. Statistical analyses were completed using SPSS v. 23. Results.A total of 505 responses from PGY1 residents of community pharmacy, managed care, and pharmacy practice residency programs across the U.S were collected. Females (70.3%) reported higher PSS-10 scores than males (p=0.016). Perceived stress scores were similar across age groups. Single residents (71.5%) and married residents exhibited similar PSS-10 scores (p=0.911). Residents with children had higher stress score compared to the residents without (p=0.022). Perceived stress scores were similar across types of PGY1 residency programs (p=0.16). A higher number of working hours was associated with a higher PSS-10 score (p=0.000). Time pressures, work overload, and fear of error were Conclusion.Female gender, having children, working longer working hours, and desire to change residency program were associated with higher PSS-10 scores. The majority of participants associated perceived stress with activities related to residency training and report the use of positive coping strategies to deal with stress.
Objective. To present and describe interprofessional education (IPE) in 6 US colleges of pharmacy including benefits, barriers, and strategies for implementation. Methods. A focus group with campus faculty IPE leaders and administrators was conducted at each of the 6 colleges. External facilitators used a structured script with open-ended questions to guide each session. A qualitative approach was used and content analysis of transcripts was conducted. Results. On a 10-point scale, mean participant interest in IPE was 8.8 6 1.7. Incentives included enhanced student education, instructional economies of scale, improved communication among disciplines, and promotion of teamwork to improve quality of care. Curricular logistics, limited resources, lack of conceptual support, and cultural issues were the major barriers to IPE. Institutions were at various stages of IPE implementation. Participants emphasized that full institutional support was critical in maintaining IPE programs. Conclusion. Interest in IPE was high and opportunities were numerous as described by faculty members at the institutions; however, numerous challenges to implementation were identified.
Objectives. To identify factors associated with academic help-seeking behavior among student pharmacists at a public university. Methods. Semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted to explore in depth perceptions of facilitators of and barriers to the help-seeking behavior and academic achievement of student pharmacists who had received a D or F grade in any year. A 4-part survey instrument was developed and administered to all student pharmacists and included sections for (1) attitudes and academic helpseeking behavior, (2) health status, (3) demographics, and (4) open comments. A structural equation modeling approach was used to assess relationships among domains of interest. Results. Three student focus groups noted that helpfulness of faculty members and school administrators were 2 prominent facilitators of help-seeking behavior and academic achievement. Diminished quality of life caused by stress and depression was the primary barrier to help-seeking and achievement. Three hundred four (68.6%) student pharmacists completed the survey instrument. Academic help-seeking behavior was influenced mostly by perceived academic competence and perceived faculty helpfulness. In contrast, ambivalence and perception of help-seeking as threatening were 2 factors that were negatively associated with academic help-seeking behavior. Conclusions. Academic help-seeking behavior was positively related to greater perceived academic competence and positive relationships among student pharmacists and faculty members.
Mifepristone in combination with misoprostol for the termination of early pregnancy (amenorrhea of < or = 49 d) is effective in 92-95% of women. Incomplete abortion requiring surgical abortion after the fact occurs in 3-5% of women, and pregnancy continues 1-2% of the time. Mifepristone with misoprostol treatment is not without significant risks, including hemorrhage, infection, and potential for long-term emotional consequences.
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