Anion analysis continues to be of great importance to many scientific and technical fields. We propose here a general and sensitive method of detecting singly charged anions by ESI-MS and LC-ESI-MS as positive ions. This method utilizes a dicationic reagent to form a complex with the anion that retains an overall positive charge for analysis by MS. Nitrate, thiocyanate, perchlorate, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), halogenated acetic acids, and various other inorganic and organic anions and are investigated. The use of tandem mass spectrometry to enhance the detection limits of some of the anions is demonstrated. Chaotropic anions provided the lowest detection limits, with PFOA detected at the hundreds of femtograms level. Indeed, this single approach provides the lowest reported detection limits for a variety of anions, especially PFOA, nitrate, monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, and bromochloroacetic acid, among others. The integrated areas and signal-to-noise ratios for five ions during a chromatographic run in both the positive and negative ion modes are compared. The ability of this method to detect differences in related ions is shown for four arsenic species. Finally, a tap water sample is analyzed for the anions in this study using the dicationic reagent method.

Twenty-three different dications were investigated for their effectiveness in pairing with singly charged anions, thereby allowing the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection of anions as positively charged complexes. Nitrate, iodide, cyanate, monochloroacetate, benzenesulfonate, and perfluoro-octanoate were chosen as representative test anions as they differ in mass, size-to-charge ratio, chaotropic nature, and overall complexity. Detection limits were found using direct injection of the anion into a carrier liquid containing the dication. Detection limits are given for all six anions with each of the 23 dications. Each anion was easily detected at the ppb (g/L) and often the ppt (ng/L) levels using certain dicationic reagents. The ability of dicationic reagents to pair with anions and produce ESI-MS signals varied tremendously. Indeed, only a few dications can be considered broadly useful and able to produce sensitive results. Liquid chromatography (LC)-ESI-MS also was investigated and used to show how varying the dicationic reagent produced significantly different peak intensities. Also, the use of tandem mass spectrometry can lead to even greater sensitivity when using imidazolium based dications. (J

The role of ionic liquids (ILs) in analytical chemistry is increasing substantially every year. A decade ago there were but a handful of papers in this area of research that were considered curiosities at best. Today, those publications are recognized as seminal articles that gave rise to one of the most rapidly expanding areas of research in chemical analysis. In this review, we briefly highlight early work involving ILs and discuss the most recent advances in separations, mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, and electroanalytical chemistry. Many of the most important advances in these fields depend on the development of new, often unique ILs and multifunctional ILs. A better understanding of the chemical and physical properties of ILs is also essential.

The analysis of anions remains an important task for many areas of science, and new sensitive analytical methods continue to be of great interest. In this study, we present the use of 17 tricationic reagents for use as gas-phase ion pairing agents for divalent anions. When the anion pairs with the tricationic reagent, an overall positive charge is retained and enables detection by ESI-MS in the positive mode. The 17 tricationic reagents were made from 1 of 4 core structures and 7 terminal charged groups. The effect of these structural elements on the detection sensitivity of the complex is examined empirically. A comparison of signal-to-noise ratios achieved in positive and negative modes also is presented.

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