Increasing availability of geospatial data provides exceptional opportunities in knowledge creation and distribution. For the discovery of suitable data sources, keyword based search in the catalogue becomes inaccurate. The main reason behind this is the existing semantic heterogeneity in the database schema, deployed by different service providers. It necessitates the semantic management of the spatial catalogues. This paper presents an ontology based approach which is useful to create and manage catalogues semantically, hence resolving the semantic heterogeneity between geospatial repositories and incompatibility with spatial queries. Further, there is no standard available for semantic searching of the spatial catalogue till date. It will enhance the data extraction process by providing semantic meaning to the spatial catalogue.
The technological innovations have always proved the impossible possible. Humans have all the time obliterated barriers and set records with astounding regularity. However, there are issues springing up in terms of complexity and sustainability in this context, which we were ignoring for long. Today, in every walk of life, we encounter complex systems, whether it is the Internet, communication systems, electrical power grids, or the financial markets. Due to its unpredictable behavior, any creative change in a complex system poses a threat of systemic risks. This is because an innovation is always introducing something new, introducing a change, possibly to solve an existing problem, the effect of which is nonlinear. Failure to predict the future states of the system due to the nonlinear nature makes any system unsustainable. This necessitates the need for any development to be sustainable by meeting the needs of people today without destroying the potential of future generations to meet their needs. This chapter, which studies systems that are complex due to intricateness in their connectivity, gives insights into their ways of emergence and the nonlinear cause and effects pattern the complex systems use to follow, effectively paving way for sustainable innovation.
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