Activation of the proinflammatory-associated cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells is essential for the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Restoring autophagic flux has been shown to effectively protect against IDD and is a potential target for treatment. The goal of this study was to explore particular autophagic signalings responsible for the protective effects of naringin, a known autophagy activator, on human NP cells. The results showed that significantly increased autophagic flux was observed in NP cells treated with naringin, with pronounced decreases in the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, which rescued the disturbed cellular homeostasis induced by TNF-α activation. Autophagic flux inhibition was detectable in NP cells cotreated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor), partially offsetting naringin-induced beneficial effects. Naringin promoted the expressions of autophagy-associated markers via SIRT1 (silent information regulator-1) activation by AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) phosphorylation. Either AMPK inhibition by BML-275 or SIRT1 silencing partially counteracted naringin-induced autophagic flux enhancement. These findings indicate that naringin boosts autophagic flux through SIRT1 upregulation via AMPK activation, thus protecting NP cells against inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and impaired cellular homeostasis. Naringin can be a promising inducer of restoration autophagic flux restoration for IDD.
The 10 MW High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTR-10) constructed at the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology (INET), Tsinghua University in China reached its first criticality by the end of 2000. The temperature measuring system of the in-core components is described in this paper. This system consists of the thermocouple penetration assembly of the reactor pressure vessel (TPARPV), the thermocouple penetration assembly of the reactor containment (TPARC) and the distributed computer-based data acquisition and processing system (DCS). Some new techniques were developed and applied, such as the thermocouple penetration technology under the high temperature and high-pressure environment and the laser welding technique. The TPARPV is the key measurement device and is described in detail. The general behavior of the TPARPV and TPARC was confirmed under HTR-10 operating conditions. The helium leakage rate of the TPARPV is 1×10 −7 Pa·m 3 /s while the helium leakage rate of the TPARC is less than 1×10 −2 Pa·m 3 /s. The insulation resistance of the sheathed thermocouple is more then 10 9 . The temperature measurement error of the system is 2.3 • C. The results of testing and field inspection and operation demonstrate that the design of the temperature measuring system is reasonable and reliable and that the performance of the system satisfies the design requirements of the HTR-10. These new techniques used in the temperature measuring system can be applied not only to other high temperature gas-cooled reactors but to various reactor types as well.
The 10 MW High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTR-10) constructed at the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology (INET), Tsinghua University in China reached its first criticality by the end of 2000. The temperature measuring system of the in-core components is described in this paper. This system consists of the thermocouple penetration assembly of the reactor pressure vessel (TPARPV), the thermocouple penetration assembly of the reactor containment (TPARC) and the distributed computer-based data acquisition and processing system (DCS). Some new techniques were developed and applied, such as the thermocouple penetration technology under the high temperature and high-pressure environment and the laser welding technique. The TPARPV is the key measurement device and is described in detail. The general behavior of the TPARPV and TPARC was confirmed under HTR-10 operating conditions. The helium leakage rate of the TPARPV is 1×10 −7 Pa·m 3 /s while the helium leakage rate of the TPARC is less than 1×10 −2 Pa·m 3 /s. The insulation resistance of the sheathed thermocouple is more then 10 9 . The temperature measurement error of the system is 2.3• C. The results of testing and field inspection and operation demonstrate that the design of the temperature measuring system is reasonable and reliable and that the performance of the system satisfies the design requirements of the HTR-10. These new techniques used in the temperature measuring system can be applied not only to other high temperature gas-cooled reactors but to various reactor types as well.
Background. Low back pain (LBP) has the characteristics of chronic and persistence, which is a heavy social burden. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a major cause of LBP. The typical features of IVDD are extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and nucleus pulposus cell (NP) apoptosis. Bushen Huoxue Formula (BSHXF) has good clinical effects on LBP. However, the mechanism of BSHXF affecting ECM and NP cells is still unclear. Aim of the Study. In this study, the impact of BSHXF on autophagy and apoptosis of NP cells was studied through the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. Material and Methods. NP cells were extracted through the digestion of collagenase and trypsin, and the components of BSHXF were identified. Cell Counting Kit-8 was applied to detect the impact of BSHXF on NP cells. Mitochondrial function was detected using MitoTracker assay, ATP kit, and SOD kit. Autophagy and apoptosis were detected by RT-qPCR, western blotting, and flow cytometry. Results. BSHXF promoted NP cell survival in a concentration-dependent manner, and the elimination of rat serum did not increase cell proliferation; TNF-α accelerated ECM degradation, ROS accumulation, and NP cell apoptosis and decreased autophagic flux. BSHXF restored mitochondrial function and autophagic flux. In addition, AMPK/SIRT1 pathway activation was associated with IVDD. Conclusions. BSHXF regulates autophagy and enhances autophagic flux to suppress excessive ROS production and restore mitochondrial function in an AMPK/SIRT1-dependent manner. However, the protection of BSHXF on TNF-α-treated cells was eliminated by 3-MA. Furthermore, the protective impact of BSHXF on ECM degradation and apoptosis induced by TNF-α was restrained by an AMPK inhibitor. Therefore, maintaining the proper autophagy illustrates treatment strategy for IVDD.
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