ResumoConsiderando o fenômeno do comportamento agressivo, inicialmente são apresentadas quatro abordagens teóricas abrangentes: etologia, psicanálise, behaviorismo e teoria da aprendizagem social. Após uma análise crítica destas abordagens, modelos teóricos recentes são apresentados: cognitivismo neo-associacionista, processamento de informação social, interacionismo social e modelo geral de agressão baseado em estruturas de conhecimento. Finalmente, argumenta-se que o emprego de uma abordagem biológica pode enriquecer os modelos atuais do comportamento agressivo, oferecendo explicações tanto sobre as pressões ambientais ao longo do processo evolutivo quanto sobre a influência das interações sociais na organização e funcionamento do sistema nervoso central. Palavras-chave: agressão física, modelos teóricos, biologia AbstractEtiological factors of physical aggression: a theoretical review. Four theoretical approaches are initially reviewed regarding human aggressive behavior: ethology, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and social learning theory. After a critical appraisal of these models, the recent theoretical approaches of cognitive neoassociationism, social information processing, social interactionism, and general aggression model based on knowledge structures are presented. Finally, it is proposed that a biological approach can be very useful as a way of explaining the environmental pressures throughout evolution, as well as the impact of social interactions on human brain.
Prenatal alcohol exposure can have serious and permanent adverse effects. The developing brain is the most vulnerable organ to the insults of prenatal alcohol exposure. A behavioral phenotype of prenatal alcohol exposure including conduct disorders is also described. This study on a sample of Brazilian adolescents convicted for criminal behavior aimed to evaluate possible clinical features of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). These were compared to a control group of school adolescents, as well as tested for other environmental risk factors for antisocial behavior. A sample of 262 institutionalized male adolescents due to criminal behavior and 154 male students aged between 13 and 21 years comprised the study population. Maternal use of alcohol was admitted by 48.8% of the mothers of institutionalized adolescents and by 39.9% of the school students. In this sample of adolescents we could not identify individual cases with a clear diagnosis of FAS, but signs suggestive of FASD were more common in the institutionalized adolescents. Social factors like domestic and family violence were frequent in the risk group, this also being associated to maternal drinking during pregnancy. The inference is that in our sample, criminal behavior is more related to complex interactions between environmental and social issues including prenatal alcohol exposure.
As contribuições da biologia, em especial da genética do comportamento e da psicologia evolucionista, para o entendimento da violência nas sociedades contemporâneas não têm sido bem entendidas por outras áreas do conhecimento que estudam o mesmo fenômeno em níveis de maior complexidade, como as ciências sociais. Estudos recentes mostram que, no nível teórico, o descaso em relação à importância de abordagens genéticas e darwinianas da violência deixam lacunas nos modelos causais utilizados. No exercício prático da resolução de problemas sociais, a exclusão dos aspectos biológicos, como a relevância de certos estados mentais nas condutas violentas, leva à ausência de recursos de saúde e assistência social, na sociedade, para auxiliar indivíduos predispostos a comportamentos violentos a lidarem com suas circunstâncias.
Hall and Kimura (1994) studied the relation between dermatoglyphic asymmetry and male sexual orientation in a sample of 66 homosexual and 182 heterosexual men. They found that more homosexual men possessed a leftward dermatoglyphic asymmetry than did heterosexual men. In this paper, we report a comparative study about the relationship between sexual orientation and dermatoglyphic characteristics, including 60 homosexual men, 76 heterosexual men, and 60 heterosexual women, recruited from the general population, and also from a gay-rights nongovernmental organization, in Salvador, Brazil. Ulnar loops were the most frequent dermatoglyphic pattern in all groups, followed by whorls, arches, and radial loops. A chisquare analysis comparing the frequencies of the patterns in the three groups only showed an excess of ulnar loops in women ( p < 0.05) and arches in men (p < 0.01), but did not reveal significant differences between homosexuals and the other groups studied. There was no significant difference between gay and straight men on total ridge count. We found a preponderance of rightward asymmetry in homosexual and heterosexual men, as well as in heterosexual women. Our results do not agree with Hall and Kimura's data indicating that more gay men possessed the minority leftward asymmetry than did straight men. There was no significant difference in leftward asymmetry in the sample studied. The results reported in this paper do not support any relation between dermatoglyphic asymmetry and male sexual orientation, and, thus, any hypothesis concerning a biological intrauterine contribution to adult sexual orientation somehow associated with dermatoglyphic development.Since the middle of the 19th century, the etiology of sexual orientation has been the subject of an enduring controversy. For a long time, the debate on this issue has been marked by a conflict between the extremes of biological and environmental determinism: was sexual orientation determined by the biology of the in-
We report on a woman with bilateral femoral hypoplasia and Rokitansky sequence, malformations that up to now had not been described together. There are no other cases in the family, and no history of prenatal teratogen exposure. This case may be part of a mesodermal malformation spectrum.
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