The action of extracts from the stem, leaves, and fruit of Jatropha gossypiifolia on Biomphalaria glabrata was studied by analyzing survival, feeding capacity and oviposition ability. The extracts were obtained by macerating the plant parts in 92% ethanol, which were then evaporated until a dry residue was obtained and phytochemically studied. The molluscicidal activity on B. glabrata was investigated using the procedures recommended by WHO (1965). The amount of food ingested and oviposition were measured during each experiment. The extract of leaves from J. gossypiifolia was shown to be a strong molluscicidal agent, causing 100% mortality of B. glabrata, even in the lowest concentration tested, of 25 ppm. Regarding the fruit extract, there was variation in the mortality, depending on the concentration used (100, 75, 50 and 25 ppm). The snails that were in contact with the fruit extract had significant reduction in feeding and number of embryos in comparison to the control. The stem extract did not present molluscicidal activity nor had any influence on the feeding and oviposition abilities of B. glabrata, in the concentrations tested. In conclusion, the extracts of leaves and fruits of J. gossypiifolia investigated in this work show molluscicidal effect and may be sources of useful compounds for the schistosomiasis control.

Schistosomiasis is a disease of global extent reaching populations in social vulnerability. One of the control measures of this parasitosis is the use of molluscicidal substances that can fight snails of the genus Biomphalaria, intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. The aim of this work was to study the toxic activity of three mangrove species (Avicennia schaueriana Stapf. & Leech, ex Moldenke, 1939, Laguncularia racemosa (L.) CF Gaertn, 1807 and Rhizophora mangle L. 1753) on the biological activities of snails Biomphalaria glabrata. Hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared from the stem and leaves of each of the three plant species to which mollusks were exposed. The phytochemical analysis of plants showed the presence of important metabolites in the leaves and stems of L. racemosa and R. mangle, such as tannins and saponins, but the absence of these metabolites in A. schaueriana. Leaf and stem extracts of the three plant species showed low molluscicidal activity, not reaching the standards determined by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1983). L. racemosa and R. mangle has interfered with motility, feeding and oviposition of snails, unlike the extracts of A. schaueriana, which had no effect on these activities.

A esquistossomose mansônica é uma parasitose causada pelo Schistosoma mansoni que tem como hospedeiro intermediário caramujos do gênero Biomphalaria. Como forma de fornecer o conhecimento sobre a existência desses caramujos para a comunidade da Vila Embratel, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar as espécies de planorbídeos, bem como verificar a contaminação por S. mansoni. Os caramujos foram coletados mensalmente na Vila Embratel em dois criadouros. Estes foram identificados por dissecação e analisados com o auxílio de uma lupa estereoscópica para verificar a contaminação por S. mansoni. Foram capturados 634 caramujos do gênero Biomphalaria, sendo que 621 espécimes são B. straminea e apenas 13 espécimes são B. glabrata. Foram detectados 6 planorbídeos contaminados pelo parasito da esquistossomose. Verificou-se que não houve uma correlação entre a precipitação pluviométrica acumulada e a abundância de caramujos (r= -0,1126; e o valor de p= 0,8874). Constatou-se que existe uma correlação negativa com o índice de positividade para S. mansoni com a temperatura máxima (r= -0, 2378; e o valor de p= 0,7622). Infere-se que este bairro apresenta uma infraestrutura inadequada e caramujos transmissores da esquistossomose, fatores estes essenciais para a propagação desta doença.Palavras-chave: Doença. Caramujo. Esquistossomose MALACOLOGICAL SURVEY TO IDENTIFY THE EXPANSION CELL OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN VILA EMBRATEL, A NEIGHBORHOOD IN THE OUTSKIRTS OF SÃO LUÍS - MARANHÃOAbstract: Schistosomiasis mansoni is a parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma mansoni whose intermediate host snails of the genus Biomphalaria. As a way to provide knowledge about the existence of these snails to the community of Vila Embratel, this study aimed to identify the species of snails, as well as detect contamination by S. mansoni. The snails were collected monthly in the Vila Embratel in two nurseries. These were identified by dissection and analyzed with the aid of a stereomicroscope to check for contamination by S. mansoni. Were captured 634 snails of the genus Biomphalaria, and 621 specimens are B. straminea and only 13 specimens are B. glabrata. Was detected 6 snails contaminated by schistosomiasis parasite. It was found that there was a correlation between the cumulative rainfall and abundance of snails (r= -0,1126; and the value of p= 0,8874). It was found that there is a negative correlation with the rate of positivity for S. mansoni with the maximum temperature (r= -0, 2378; and the value of p= 0,7622). It is inferred that this neighborhood has a inadequate infrastructure and snails transmitting schistosomiasis, these essential factors for the spread of this disease.Keywords: Disease. Snail. SchistosomiasisENCUESTA MALACOLÓGICA PARA IDENTIFICAR LA EXPANSIÓN DE LAS CÉLULAS DE LA ESQUISTOSOMIASIS EN VILA EMBRATEL, UN BARRIO EN LAS AFUERAS DE SÃO LUÍS DO MARANHÃOResumen: La Esquistosomiasis mansoni es uma parasitosis causada pelo parásito Schistosoma mansoni que tiene como anfitrión intermedio caracoles del género Biomphalaria. Como una manera de proporcionar conocimiento sobre la existencia de estos caracoles a la comunidad de Vila Embratel, este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar las especies de caracoles, así como detectar la contaminación por S. mansoni. Los caracoles fueron recolectados mensualmente en la Vila Embratel en dos viveros. Estos se identificaron mediante disección y se analizaron con la ayuda de un estereomicroscopio para comprobar la contaminación por S. mansoni. Fueron capturados 634 caracoles del género Biomphalaria, y 621 especímenes son B. straminea y sólo 13 son B. glabrata. Fue detectaron 6 caracoles infectados por el parásito esquistosomiasis.Se dedució que no existe una correlación entre la precipitación acumulada y la abundancia de caracoles (r= -0,1126; y el valor de p= 0,8874). Fué encontrado que existe una correlación negativa con la tasa de positividad para S. mansoni con la temperatura máxima (r= -0, 2378; y el valor de p= 0,7622). Se infiere que este barrio cuenta con una infraestructura inadecuada y caracoles transmisores de la esquistosomiasis, que son factores esenciales para la propagación de esta enfermedad.Palabras clave: Enfermedad. Caracoles. Esquistosomiasis

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Schistosomiasis is considered one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), which affects around 240 million people worldwide. In Brazil, Schistosomiasis mansoni has been registered in 19 states, predominantly in rural areas. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of Schistosomiasis mansoni cases in the Maranhao State from 2007 to 2016, as well as the temporal trend over this period. The data were obtained from secondary sources: Schistosomiasis Control Program of Maranhao (PCE-MA) and Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). The State Health Regions (HRs) were considered analysis units. Maranhao had a positivity rate of 3.8 for the period. The Regions that presented the highest percentages of positivity in the state were Pinheiro (7.92), Ze Doca (3.30), and Viana (3.10). Municipalities such as Bacuri, Serrano do Maranhao, and Bequimao, located in the Pinheiro HR, showed positivity rates of 16.56, 13.31, and 11.01 respectively. The spatial analysis of schistosomiasis cases showed that Maranhao has two main centers for the spread of the disease, both located in the northern portion of the state, namely the Baixada Maranhense and the east coast. This study concluded that the positivity of Schistosomiasis mansoni in Maranhao was stable over the analyzed period. The state still maintains the Baixada Maranhense micro-region as an important area for the spread of the disease reaching socially vulnerable population groups.

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The family Euphorbiaceae Juss. have several plant species which possess molluscicidal activity. Thus, the present review showed the available works on the molluscicidal activity of the used plants from that family. The searches for articles were done between December 2020 and May 2021 by five databases, and the keywords were "schistosomiasis", "Euphorbiaceae" and "molluscicide". The molluscicidal activity was evaluated in the Euphorbiaceae family by 39 articles with emphasis on the genus Euphorbia. The snails used in the molluscicidal tests belonged to the genera Biomphalaria, Oncomelania and Bulinus. Many works used the protocols of the World Health Organization (1965 and 1983) to assess the action on mollusks. It was observed that, in the tests, many works used latex (a common substance among representatives of the Euphorbiaceae family), in which latex from species such as Euphorbia splendens var hislopii, Euphorbia milii and Euphorbia umbellata demonstrated molluscicidal action. The observation time of mortality and other parameters of the mollusks varied between 24 and 96 h. In conclusion, the results found in this review can help students and researchers to identify plant species of this family that can contribute to future formulations with molluscicide activity.

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