Throughout most of the twentieth century, tick infestations on cattle have been controlled with chemical acaricides, typically administered by dipping or spraying. This approach can cause environmental and residue problems and has created a high incidence of acaricide resistance within tick populations in the field. Recently we developed a vaccine against Boophilus microplus employing a recombinant Bm86 antigen preparation (Gavac), (Heber Biotec S.A., Havana, Cuba) which has been shown to induce a protective response in vaccinated animals. Here we show for the first time under field conditions a near 100% control of B. microplus populations resistant to pyrethroids and organophosphates, by an integrated system employing vaccination with Gavac and amidine treatments. This method effectively controls tick infestations while reducing the number of chemical acaricide treatments and consequently the rise of B. microplus populations resistant to chemical acaricides.
RESUMOO ácaro Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) é importante em cafeeiro (Coffea spp.) por ser o vetor do vírus da manchaanular, doença responsável por queda de folhas e má qualidade da bebida do café, e o ácaro-vermelho Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) por reduzir a área foliar de fotossíntese. Ácaros da família Phytoseiidae, de várias espécies, são eficientes predadores associados aos ácaros-praga. Conduziu-se este trabalho com o objetivo de estudar o controle dos ácaros-praga com spirodiclofen e azocyclotin, e o impacto sobre fitoseídeos. Em laboratório foram estudados os efeitos ovicida, tópico, residual, tópico mais residual e a seletividade fisiológica aos fitoseídeos; em casa-de-vegetação foi avaliada a persistência no controle às duas espécies de ácaros-praga; e em campo foi avaliada a eficiência apenas no controle de B. phoenicis. Os bioensaios foram realizados em arenas de folhas destacadas. O efeito ovicida foi avaliado em ovos no início e final de incubação. Os efeitos residual, tópico e tópico mais residual foram avaliados pela mortalidade de larvas, ninfas e adultos aos oito dias, e a persistência até 30 dias após a aplicação. A seletividade aos fitoseídeos foi avaliada, pelo efeito na mortalidade e reprodução de fêmeas adultas, em teste residual em superfície de vidro. Spirodiclofen e azocyclotin (SC) mostraram eficiente ação ovicida, principalmente para ovos de B. phoenicis no início de incubação. Para ovos de O. ilicis, somente o spirodiclofen apresentou efeito ovicida. Em geral, os efeitos tópico e residual associados melhoraram a eficiência dos produtos no controle das fases pós-embrionárias de ambas as espécies. O spirodiclofen apresentou seletividade aos ácaros predadores, já o azocyclotin foi nocivo. Em campo, ambos os acaricidas mostram-se altamente eficientes na redução de todas as fases pós-embrionárias do ácaro B. phoenicis, principalmente nas folhas.Termos para indexação: Ácaro, mancha-anular, controle químico, seletividade, Coffea arabica. ABSTRACTThe mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) is important in coffee plants (Coffea spp.) for being the vector of the coffee ringspot virus, disease responsible for leaf fall and bad quality of the coffee beverage. The red spider mite Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) is also important for reducing the area of photosynthesis in leaves. Mites of the family Phytoseiidae are efficient predators associated to the pest-mites. The objective of this work was to study the control of the pest-mites with spirodiclofen and azocyclotin, and the impact on phytoseiids. Studies were carried out in laboratory conditions on the ovicidal, topical, residual, topical plus residual effects, and the physiological selectivity for the phytoseiids. The persistence of the products in the control of the pest-mites was studied in semi-field conditions. In field-test only was evaluated the efficiency in the control of B. phoenicis. Bioassays were made in detached leaves. The ovicidal effect was evaluated in eggs in the beginning and end of incubation; the residual, topical and topi...
Influence of the Webbing Produced byTo spin the web, 15 adult females were put on each experimental unit for 24h; females were then removed, leaving only the web, and predators and prey to be tested were introduced. Predation was assessed after 24h. In the presence of webbing, the consumption of eggs, larvae and nymphs by I. zuluagai and eggs and larvae by E. citrifolius was lower. For A. herbicolus, egg predation was lower, but larval predation did not vary significantly and predation of nymphs and adults was higher in the presence of webbing. Predators as a whole were more efficient consuming larvae regardless of the presence of webbing. Considering the stages of O. ilicis altogether, webbing reduced the predation potential of I. zuluagai and E. citrifolius, but not of A. herbicolus.
RESUMOO ácaro Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) é importante em cafeeiro (Coffea spp.), por ser o vetor do vírus da mancha-anular, responsável por queda de folhas e má qualidade da bebida do café, e o ácaro-vermelho, Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor, 1917) (Acari: Tetranychidae), por reduzir a área foliar de fotossíntese. Alguns ácaros da família Phytoseiidae são eficientes predadores associados aos ácaros-praga. Com este trabalho teve-se como objetivo estudar o controle dos ácaros-praga e o impacto do abamectin e emamectin sobre fitoseídeos. Em laboratório, foram estudados os efeitos ovicida, tópi-co, residual, tópico mais residual aos ácaros-praga e a seletividade fisiológica aos fitoseídeos. Em semicampo, foi estudada a persistência dos produtos no controle dos ácaros-praga. O efeito ovicida foi avaliado em ovos no início e fim de incubação; os efeitos residual, tópico e tópico mais residual foram avaliados pela mortalidade de larvas, ninfas e adultos após 48 horas da aplicação, enquanto a persistência foi avaliada pela mortalidade até 30 dias após a pulverização. A seletividade aos ácaros fitoseídeos foi avaliada pelo efeito total às fêmeas adultas, em teste residual em superfície de vidro. Pelos resultados, verificou-se que abamectin e emamectin não possuem ação ovicida, para ambas as espécies de ácaros-praga estudadas. Considerando o efeito tópico mais residual, o abamectin e emamectin foram altamente eficientes no controle de larvas, ninfas e adultos de B. phoenicis; apenas abamectin foi eficiente no controle de O. ilicis. Abamectin foi levemente a moderadamente nocivo e emamectin mostrou-se inócuo a levemente nocivo aos fitoseídeos. Devido à eficiência de controle e seletividade a fitoseídeos, conclui-se que abamectin e emamectin podem ser utilizados em programas de manejo integrado do ácaro B. phoenicis, e abamectin para o manejo de B. phoenicis e O. ilicis em cafeeiro.Termos para indexação: Mancha-anular, controle químico, seletividade, ácaro, Coffea arabica. ABSTRACTThe mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is important for coffee plants (Coffea spp.) for being the vector of the coffee ringspot virus, which is responsible for leaf fall and bad quality of the coffee beverage. The red spider mite, Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor, 1917) (Acari: Tetranychidae) is also important, for reducing the areas of photosynthesis in leaves. Some mites of the family Phytoseiidae are efficient predators associated to the pest-mites. This work had as objective to study the control of the pest-mites and the impact of the abamectin and emamectin on phytoseiids. Studies were carried out in laboratory to investigate the ovicidal, topical, residual, topical plus residual effects of the products on the pest-mites and the physiologic selectivity to the phytoseiids. The persistence of the products in the control of pest-mite was studied in semi-field conditions. The ovicidal effect was evaluated in eggs in the beginning and end of incubation; the residual, topical and topical...
Sexing semen has become a worldwide technology now available in many countries through the use of flow cytometry for sexing mammal sperms (Johnson and Welch 1999 Theriogenology 52, 1323–1341). Because straws containing sexed semen have a low concentration, any condition that either improves or decreases freezing capabilities will considerably change semen quality. During cryopreservation, spermatozoa have been described as undergoing many changes that lead to membrane damage, which may result in decreased fertility (Watson 2000 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 6 (Suppl 1), 481). Since many cryoprotectants are available on the market, the objective of the present study was to compare 3 different extenders for freezing sex-sorted semen. For this study, 25 ejaculates were collected from 8 bulls of different breeds, diluted, then dyed with Hoechst 33342 (Schenk et al. 1999 Theriogenology 52, 1375–1391), and sexed by flow cytometry (SX MoFlo®; DaKoCytomation, Inc., Fort Collins, CO, USA). After being cooled at 4°C for 1 h and 30 min, the sexed semen was centrifuged and diluted in AndroMed® (Minitüb, Tiefenbach, Germany), Bioxcell® (IMV, Aigle, France), or Botu-Bov® (Biotech Botucatu, Ltda., Sao Paulo, Brazil); the semen was packaged at 3 million total sperm in 0.25-mL straws and frozen in an automatic freezer (Digit cool 5300® IMV). To evaluate the freezing quality, the straws were thawed and incubated at 35°C for 15 min. The progressive motility was observed through an optical microscope (Coleman 200T). The statistical analyses were done using the SAS program (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and the Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05). Results show that there was no statistical difference between Bioxcell and AndroMed extenders (P ≤ 0.05). However, Botu-Bov extender showed a significant difference when compared with Bioxcell and AndroMed (see Table 1). It is also important to point out that 40% of the samples frozen with AndroMed showed non-aligned movement. Even though few ejaculates were used for this study, preliminary results showed that Bioxcell seemed to be the most suitable for freezing bull sexed semen. Table 1. Percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa after thawing
RESUMO Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor, 1917) é um dos principais ácaros fitófagos do cafeeiro ( Coffea spp.), embora não esteja relacionado entre as pragas primárias. Esses ácaros vivem na superfície superior das folhas e, para se alimentar, perfuram as células da epiderme e do mesófilo e absorvem o conteúdo celular extravasado. Em consequência, as folhas perdem o brilho natural e tornam-se bronzeadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a taxa de fotossíntese de folhas de cafeeiro apresentando diferentes níveis de infestação de O. ilicis. O estudo foi realizado em plantas de cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L., cultivar Catuaí) envasadas e com três anos de idade, mantidas em casa de vegetação. Foram realizadas infestações em cinco diferentes níveis (0, 15, 30, 60 e 120 fêmeas adultas do ácaro/folha), com ácaros provenientes da criação de manutenção, em folhas do terceiro par, a partir do ápice e totalmente expandidas, localizadas em ramos do terço médio da planta, com cinco repetições. A medição da fotossíntese potencial foi realizada por meio do oxigênio fotossintético produzido, utilizando-se de um monitor de oxigênio com eletrodo tipo Clark acoplado a uma caixa de controle de fluxo elétrico CB1. As avaliações foram realizadas 7 e 21 dias após a infestação com os ácaros, e os dados obtidos foram submetidos a uma análise de regressão. Houve correlação negativa entre os diferentes níveis de infestação e a fotossíntese potencial, sendo que, nos níveis 15, 30, 60 e 120 ácaros/folha, as taxas de fotossíntese foram reduzidas, em relação ao tratamento-testemunha, em 37,2; 38,7; 46,0 e 50,1%, respectivamente.
Pre-sexed embryos and offspring have been produced after IVF and embryo transfer (ET) with sex-sorted frozen-thawed sperm in cattle and sheep (Maxwell et al. 2004 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 82-83, 79-95). The aims of this study were to demonstrate that sex-sorted frozen-thawed boar sperm could be incorporated into pig IVF for the production of embryos of a predetermined sex and that these embryos could be successfully nonsurgically transferred. Ovaries were collected from abattoir slaughtered gilts (n = 138) and selected COCs were matured in vitro (Long et al. 1999 Theriogenology 51, 1375-1390. Sperm were collected from a mature boar and diluted with Androhep (1:3, semen:Androhep; Minitube, Verona, WI, USA), stained with H33342, and separated into X and Y sperm using a SX MoFlo (Cytomation, Inc., Fort Collins, CO, USA). Sex-sorted sperm were cryopreserved in 0.5 mL straws using the Westendorf protocol modified for sorted sperm (Bathgate, unpublished). Thawed sperm (Y sperm only) were prepared for IVF by centrifugation (300g, 10 min) through a Porcipure gradient (Nidacon Int. AB, Gothenburg, Sweden), and washed (centrifugation 300g, 10 min) in mTALP-PVA. For IVF, COCs were denuded and groups of 100 oocytes were transferred to 200-µL drops of mTALP-PVA (Long et al. 1999) and incubated with 5,000 motile sperm for 4-6 (Short) or 18-20 h (Long) . Presumptive zygotes were washed and transferred to 100-µL drops of mNCSU-23 (Long et al. 1999) and cultured until Day 4 (Day 0 = IVF) in humidified 5% CO 2 , 6% O 2 , 89% N 2 . Oocyte cleavage was assessed 48 h post-insemination, and on Day 4 selected morulae were transferred to recipient sows (n = 7 Large White × Landrace; 65 morulae per sow) nonsurgically using a Firflex catheter (Magapor, Zaragoza, Spain). Sex of remaining embryos was confirmed by PCR and restriction analysis (Cong et al. 1993 Hum. Mol. Genet. 2 1187-1191). Data from three replicates were arc sin transformed and analyzed by ANOVA. Oocyte cleavage was similar after Short (724/1547; 46.8%) or Long (598/1528; 39.1%) co-incubation. Resort analysis showed sperm to be >91% purity, and all sexed morulae were of the predicted sex (16/16). Delayed return to estrus (>23 days) was observed in 5 recipient sows (71.4%). Fetal sacs were observed by transcutaneous ultrasound in one of these sows. Pre-sexed porcine IVP embryos can be successfully produced using sex-sorted frozen-thawed boar sperm, and these embryos are capable of initiating pregnancies when transferred to recipients. However, further refinement of porcine IVP and ET protocols are required to enable full in vivo development. This work was supported by XY, Inc., Fort Collins, CO, USA. FIRST REPORT OF THE USE OF SEXED SEMEN BY FLOW CYTOMETRY IN BOS INDICUS L. Cattaneo, A. Galassi, R. Franco, A. Duarte, K. Mello, G. Jáuregui, J. Lagioia, and M. BasualdoGoyaike Brasil Agropecuária Ltd., Uberaba, Brazil. Email: lcattaneo@goyaike.comThe only method of sexing sperm that works in any practical sense is measuring DNA content of individual sperm by flow cytometry, an...
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