Urban development and town planning need an adequate decision-making process. European cities, in particular, are compact. Urban elements and functions are in a constant state of change. Moreover, the large number of historic buildings and areas means a sensitive and responsible approach must be taken. The aim of this paper is to consider special location problems in town planning. We formulate multi-criteria location problems, derive optimality conditions and present a geometric algorithm and an interactive procedure including a proximal point algorithm for solving multi-criteria location problems. In this paper, we use location theory as a possible method to help determine the location of a children's playground in a newly-built district of Halle, Germany.
Under the current conditions of urban and regional renewal, it is a challenge and opportunity to find such decisions in planning policy supporting sustainable development. Redevelopment of former open‐cast mines and shrinking processes in cities are typical examples. Decision making in such a planning context considers complex tasks and involves preferential selection among different, usually competing alternatives. They result from demands of different spatial functions and the necessity to conserve the natural environment and landscape. The modeling of a planning process requires an adequate definition of the problem, identification of the main decision criteria and possible courses of action. Following environmental and institutional economic theory we use the idea of involving stakeholders. Determining and understanding the demands of stakeholders may lead to a successful management of environmental, social, human, and economic tasks. We propose a multicriteria approach to formulate a planning problem as a multiobjective optimization problem.
Bei der Umsetzung von Ethylen-Vinylalkohol-Copolymeren mit Saureanhydriden in verschiedenen Losungsmitteln treten in Abhangigkeit von der molaren Konzentration Besonderheiten im Reaktionsverhalten auf. Bei Konzentrationen unter 0,02 mol * 1-1 wird eine intramolekulare Diesterbildung angenommen. Weiterhin wird eine Abhangigkeit von der Copolymerzusammensetzung beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit dem Konzentrationseffekt bei polymeranalogen Reaktionen diskutiert. Oco6efi~ocmu pealcyuli $yfiquonanbfitazx zpynn cononumepos a m u n e~a c eufiunosbifi cnupmofi. IT enuxnum K O Hyefimpayuu npH B3a&MOAe&CTBHH COIIOJIMMepOB 3THJIeHa C BIIHHJIOBbIM CIIHPTOM C aHrHApHAaMA HHCnOT B pa3JIHsHHX PaCTBOpHTenRX H~~J I I O A~I O T C R B 3aBHCMMOCTM OT MOJIFIpHOfi KOHqeHTpaqHH OC06eHHOCTH IIpOTeKaHHR peaKqH&. B cnyqae KOHqeHTpaqH& HHme 0.02 MOJIb ' JI-' IJpeAIIOnaraeTCR BHYl' pMMOJIeKYJIRpHOt? 0 6 p a 3 0~a~~e AH3@Hpa. EpOMe Tor0 ~a 6 n m n a e T c~ 3aBHCMMOCTb OT COCTaBa COIIOJIHMepa. n0nyqeHHbIe pe3yJIbTaTbI 0 6 c y r n~a m~c~ B CBRSH C KOHqeHTpaqHOHHbIM 3@@eKTOM y IIOJIHMepaHaJIOrHqHbIX IIpeBpaqeHHFIX.
Peculiarities of the reaction of functional groups in ethylene copolymers -The effect of concentrationThe reaction of ethylene-vinylalcohol-copolymers with acid anhydrides in different solvents depends on the molar concentrations of the reactants. If the concentration is below 0.02 mol . 1-1 intramolecular formation of diesters can be assumed. Further, a dependence on the copolymer composition is observed. The results are discussed in relation t o the so called concentration effects in polymeranalogous reactions.
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