-(Lichen community composition in riparian forest in the APA of Ibirapuitã, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). The lichens are part of an extremely diverse group and are important components in forested areas. The aim of this study is to analyze the lichen species composition and investigate the phytosociological patterns of taxa occurring in riparian forest, in the APA of Ibirapuitã, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The mapping of lichen species was performed using the acetate method, in 60 phorophytes distributed in 12 riparian forest areas. Two hundred fifty-four lichenized fungi taxa were recorded, of which 199 were registered in the quantitative study, with two new species to science, three new citations for Brazil and 14 new records for the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The species Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trev. was the most important in the community, showing the highest value of importance, frequency, and coverage. The environmental quality of some riparian forest areas, associated with the availability of appropriate phorophyte and microclimate conditions of forest areas are factors that contributed to the results. The preservation of riparian forests in the analyzed areas is of vital importance to ensure the biodiversity of species, but also for the protection of watercourses of Ibirapuitã River and its tributaries. Keywords: corticicolous lichens, lichenized fungi, Pampa biome, phytosociology RESUMO -(Composição da comunidade liquênica em floresta ribeirinha na APA do Ibirapuitã, RS, Brasil). Os liquens fazem parte de um grupo extremamente diverso e são componentes importantes em áreas florestais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a composição da comunidade liquênica e verificar os padrões fitossociológicos de táxons ocorrentes em áreas florestais ribeirinhas, na APA do Ibirapuitã, RS, Brasil. O mapeamento dos liquens foi realizado através do método do acetato, em 60 forófitos (palavra masculina que designa árvores que servem de suporte para epífitas) distribuídos em 12 áreas florestais. Foram registrados 254 táxons liquênicos, destes 199 registrados no estudo quantitativo com duas novas espécies para a ciência, três novas citações para o Brasil e 14 novos registros para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A espécie Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trev. foi a mais importante na comunidade, apresentando maior valor de importância, frequência e cobertura. A boa qualidade ambiental de algumas áreas florestais ribeirinhas, associada à disponibilidade de forófitos adequados e as condições microclimáticas das áreas florestais são fatores que contribuíram para os resultados encontrados. A preservação das florestas ribeirinhas nas áreas analisadas é de vital importância para assegurar a diversidade das espécies como também para a proteção dos cursos d' água do rio Ibirapuitã e seus afluentes.
Southern black drum (Pogonias courbina) is a species distributed along the western Atlantic Ocean, and it is the largest Sciaenidae observed in the coast of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. However, it is listed as a vulnerable species at The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™, and their fishing is prohibited. The objective of this study was to determine the sperm characteristics of P. courbina. Sperm samples of five young males (two-year-old fish) were collected through abdominal pressure. The sperm kinetics parameters were sperm motility (MOT) 10.7 ± 5.6%, curvilinear velocity (VCL) 120.07 ± 16.16 mm s ± 1, average path velocity (VAP) 75.64 ± 23.78 mm s ± 1, straight-line velocity (VSL) 62.49 ± 15.83 mm s ± 1, straightness (STR) 83.9 ± 5.3%, wobble (WOB) 61.9 ± 12.7%, beat cross frequency (BCF) 42.981 ± 4.627 Hz and progression (PRG) 1,805.4 ± 564.5 µm. The proportion of normal spermatozoa was 35.6 ± 6.1%. About the abnormalities observed, 22.7% occurred in the tail (short tail = 0.6 ± 0.5%, distally curled tail = 2.4 ± 1.6%, strongly curled tail = 1.9 ± 1.3%, broken tail = 7.9 ± 5.1%, folded tail = 5.5 ± 0.8%, loose tail = 4.4 ± 1.9%); 14.2% occurred in the head (degenerate head = 4.2 ± 1.6%, microcephaly = 1.8 ± 2.5%, loose head = 8.2 ± 2.1%) and 27.5% of the spermatozoa showed cytoplasmatic gouts (proximal gout = 20.0 ± 8.4%, distal gout = 7.5 ± 2.8%). Besides that, a correlation analysis was performed between sperm morphology and kinetics parameters, and the spermatozoa were measured for the morphometric parameters. There was a positive correlation between BCF and normal spermatozoa (r = 0.9269). A negative correlation occurred between BCF and loose head (r = −0.9047); WOB and strongly curled tail (r = −0.8911); and PROG and strongly curled tail (r = −0.9191). The morphometric measures found for the head were length of 2.50 ± 0.21 µm and width of 2.12 ± 0.22 µm, and for the tail it was length of 37.97 ± 2.01 µm. It was possible to verify that the animals have sperm characteristics that indicate reproductive aptitude, but an abnormal behavior on sperm activation and high presence of the cytoplasmic gout abnormality indicates that the animals are not fully mature in their first reproductive season. This work contributes to a better understanding of the P. courbina spermatic parameters, what can be allies to recovery this species population in nature and promote its production in fish farms.
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