The vaccine Bacillus of Calmette Guérin (BCG)
The bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the only licensed vaccine for human use against tuberculosis (TB). Although controversy exists about its efficacy, the BCG vaccine is able to protect newborns and children against disseminated forms of TB, but fails to protect adults against active forms of TB. In the last few years, interest in the mucosal delivery route for the vaccine has been increasing owing to its increased capacity to induce protective immune responses both in the mucosal and the systemic immune compartments. Here, we show the importance of this route of vaccination in newly developed vaccines, especially for vaccines against TB.
BackgroundOral administration of BCG was the route initially used by Calmette and Guérin, but was replaced by intradermal administration in virtually all countries after the Lubeck accident. However, Brazil continued to administer oral BCG Moreau RDJ, which was maintained until the mid-1970s when it was substituted by the intradermal route. Although BCG vaccination has been used in humans since 1921, little is known of the induced immune response. The aim of this study was to analyse immunological responses after oral vaccination with M. bovis BCG Moreau RDJ.MethodsThis study in healthy volunteers has measured cellular and humoral aspects of the immunological response to oral M. bovis BCG Moreau RDJ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. T-cell trafficking and Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses are described, as well as isotype-specific antibody production using novel techniques.ResultsOral immunisation has no adverse effects. We have shown that there are cellular and humoral immunological responses after oral immunisation. Oral revaccination does not induce a positive skin test in responsive individuals and multiple booster orally was able to induce modulation in humoral immunological responses (switch from IgG to IgA) in previously immunised subjects and incapable of inducing tolerance. In contrast, the cellular immune response does not differ between vaccinated individuals with positive and negative skin test reactions.ConclusionAll subjects, including those who did not respond to the skin test at study commencement, were capable of mounting humoral and cellular immune response to the antigens tested.
The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine comprises a family of genetically different strains derived by the loss of genomic regions (RDs) and other mutations. In BCG Moreau, loss of RD16 inactivates rv3405c * , encoding a transcriptional repressor that negatively regulates the expression of Rv3406, an alkyl sulfatase. To evaluate the impact of this loss on the BCG and host cell viability and the cytokine profile, THP-1 cells were infected with BCG Moreau (harbouring the empty vector) and a complemented strain carrying a functional copy of rv3405c. Viability of the host cells and bacteria as well as the pattern of cytokine secretion were evaluated. Our results show that the viability of BCG Moreau is higher than that of the complemented strain in an axenic medium, suggesting a possible functional gain associated with the constitutive expression of Rv3406. Viability of the host cells did not vary significantly between recombinant strains, but differences in the profiles of the cytokine secretion (IL-1β and IL-6) were observed. Our results suggest an example of a functional gain due to gene loss contributing to the elucidation of the impact of RD16 on the physiology of BCG Moreau.
RESUMO O controle do mosquito Aedes aegypti, vetor de patógenos causadores da dengue, Zika e chikungunya é prioritário, e sensibilizar a população quanto à prevenção, através de práticas educativas, pode impactar na redução do número de casos. Dentre essas práticas, existem propostas que exploram a ludicidade, incluindo o uso de jogos de tabuleiro educativos. O presente trabalho analisou cinco propostas ludopedagógicas com jogos de tabuleiro, publicadas entre 2015 e 2019, e concluiu que apesar de 40% dos trabalhos demonstrarem preocupação em escutar os alunos, as abordagens priorizam a memorização de conteúdos factuais e procedimentais. Além disso, as propostas demonstram baixo letramento lúdico nos professores e alunos envolvidos nas pesquisas.
Desafio à saúde pública, as arboviroses transmitidas pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti tem como principal estratégia de controle a redução dos criadouros do vetor. A divulgação científica tem proposto intervenções educativas a fim de estimular reações comportamentais na população para o controle do vetor. Uma destas estratégias é a criação e utilização de jogos de tabuleiro. “Um jogo Zika” foi elaborado por alunos de uma escola pública sob a orientação de uma professora de ciências, foi escolhido como objeto de análise, para a compreensão de suas capacidades e limites em relação a seus objetivos educativos. A metodologia da pesquisa reúne a perspectiva pedagógica da tipologia de conteúdos (Antoni Zabala), à do design de jogos e da tétrade constitucional (Jesse Schell). O resultado é que o processo pedagógico pelo qual “Um jogo Zika” foi construído foi considerado bem sucedido; no entanto, o viés analítico segundo os parâmetros de Schell, sugere que o jogo e sua experiência poderiam ser mais independentes de outras intervenções educacionais na realização de seu objetivo.
Controlling Aedes aegypti, the vector of pathogens that cause dengue, Zika and chikungunya is a priority, and raising the awareness of the population about prevention, through educational practices, may reduce the number of cases of these diseases. One of these practices is the use of educational board games. The present study analyzed five playful pedagogical proposals with board games, published between 2015 and 2019, and concluded that although 40% of the studies listen to the students, the approaches prioritize the memorization of factual and procedural contents. In addition, the proposals demonstrate the low playful literacy of the teachers and students involved in the research.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.