Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has attracted interest as a technique for causal investigations into how rhythmic fluctuations in brain neural activity influence cognition and for promoting cognitive rehabilitation. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of tACS on cognitive function across 102 published studies, which included 2893 individuals in healthy, aging, and neuropsychiatric populations. A total of 304 effects were extracted from these 102 studies. We found modest to moderate improvements in cognitive function with tACS treatment that were evident in several cognitive domains, including working memory, long-term memory, attention, executive control, and fluid intelligence. Improvements in cognitive function were generally stronger after completion of tACS (“offline” effects) than during tACS treatment (“online” effects). Improvements in cognitive function were greater in studies that used current flow models to optimize or confirm neuromodulation targets by stimulating electric fields generated in the brain by tACS protocols. In studies targeting multiple brain regions concurrently, cognitive function changed bidirectionally (improved or decreased) according to the relative phase, or alignment, of the alternating current in the two brain regions (in phase versus antiphase). We also noted improvements in cognitive function separately in older adults and in individuals with neuropsychiatric illnesses. Overall, our findings contribute to the debate surrounding the effectiveness of tACS for cognitive rehabilitation, quantitatively demonstrate its potential, and indicate further directions for optimal tACS clinical study design.

Now in medical community are even more often discussed such concept as the complementary medicine (CM) and its integration into conventional medicine. One of the most widespread directions of CM is phytotherapy which is regulated by allowing documentation of bodies of health care and consequently it is included in conventional medicine. A serious problem of world health care is the diabetes mellitus. According to data of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) for 2015, in the world there are 415 million people have the diagnosis a diabetes mellitus and by 2040 increase in number of patients up to 642 million. In Russian Federation 12,1 million people are sick a diabetes mellitus. For prophylaxis and at early stages of development of a diabetes mellitus of the 2nd type phytotherapy is recommended. Now there is the active searching of plants with hypoglycemic activity. The pharmacological effect of plants is caused by the biologically the active materials (BAM) which are their part which are very various on structure and, respectively, on the effect which had by them. The review of results of the researches confirming presence of hypoglycemic activity at the BAМ, most widespread in flora is provided in article (phenolic substances, polysaccharides, alkaloids, etc.), mechanisms of their action are described. The submitted data demonstrate that from a position of evidential medicine searching and development of the new means of a phytogenesis allowing to expand the range of the medicines applied at a diabetes mellitus are expedient. At the same time the greatest effect of phytotherapy can be reached when using the multicomponent herbal teas containing a larger range of BAM in comparison with individual plants that will allow to influence pathogenetic processes of a disease.