In an effort to show the influence of the hybridization method in hybrid fabric reinforced composites within the characteristic of the fracture and the mechanical properties, two laminate reinforced with bi-directional woven were developed, where one of them was reinforced with a hybrid strand (hybrid strand composite laminate) and the other with a different strands (hybrid fabric composite laminate). Both laminates used polyester resin, Kevlar-49 and glass-E fibers, had four layers and were prepared industrially by hand lay-up manufacturing. The percentages by weight of fiberglass and Kevlar in each type of woven are equal. The hybrid strand composite laminate showed a higher tensile strength, however the hybrid fabric composite laminate showed superior properties in three-point bending test, for example, 41.7 % superiority in flexural strength. The results showed that the hybridization method in hybrid reinforced composites influences the mechanical behavior of laminates and the formation and spread of damage.

The use of composites in manufacturing equipment and products is taking a very important space in the industry in general. Moreover these materials have unique characteristics when analyzed separately from constituents who are part of them. However it is know that cares must be taken in their manufacture, as the use of appropriate process and the composition of each element, in addition to adherence fiber / matrix, which is a major factor in obtaining of the final mechanical strength of the product. One should also take into account whether the composites are environmentally friendly. For this reason, in this work, a composite partially ecological was made, using as reinforcement, a sisal woven and, as matrix, the polyester resin. Seeking to improve the adherence fiber / matrix, a treatment in sisal woven was performed with aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at a concentration of 3%. The composite subjected to this treatment presented, in bending test, a better mechanical performance, with an increase of 27% in the flexion strength and of 54% in maximum strain, but there was a reduction of about 15% in its flexural modulus.

This paper presents an evaluation of the mechanical and physical behavior of the type E glass fiber-reinforced polymeric composite when exposed to environmental aging agents in an effluent treatment plant. The composite was made by the hand layup process, and the test bodies were made according to the American Society for Testing and Materials standards D3039-14 and D790-10 for the uniaxial tensile and three-point bending tests, respectively, where they were exposed for a period of eight months, conditioned above and immersed in the effluent of the treatment plant. The physicochemical characterization of the effluent was evaluated considering the following parameters: pH, conductivity, sulfate, alkalinity, acidity, sulfide, and temperature, aiming to characterize the effluent conditions in direct and indirect contact with the composite. After the exposure period, tests were carried out for morphological evaluation, structural integrity evaluation, mechanical performance evaluation, and fracture characterization of the polymer composite, thereby leading to a comparison of the mechanical characteristics in the original state to that of the aged state (after exposure in the effluent treatment plant). The polymeric composite studied was stable after the aging period, with little mass variation, less than 0.5%, and slight changes in color. The mechanical properties evaluated also did not change significantly during the study period. Variations in uniaxial tensile strength were less than 1.4% and for three-point bending less than 10%, thus showing that the type E glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite has potential for use in harsh environments such as in effluent treatment plants.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of hybridization on impact and residual strength in composites as well as the types of damage caused by the impacts, quantifying the delaminated area of the test specimens. Two 11-layer composite laminates were developed, one with bidirectional glass fiber woven and the other a hybrid with three layers of bidirectional aramid fiber substituting the outer layers and the middle layer of the glass fiber. The materials revealed that the hybrid laminate obtained greater impact strength withstanding one impact of 76 J, albeit with an increase in the damaged area of between 64 and 85 cm2, resulting in a decline in mechanical properties along nearly the entire test specimen. This contrasts with what occurred in the glass fiber laminates, which recovered over 80% of their mechanical properties for a distance of 35 mm from the edge of the impactor. Moreover, it demonstrated that the variation in residual strength can be represented by an equation and that there is a relation between the damage area and the residual properties of the glass fiber material.

A utilização dos compósitos poliméricos, pela indústria, se dá pela sua leveza e versatilidade em adaptarem-se a designs complexos. No entanto podem ser geradores de resíduos de difícil reciclagem, que muitas vezes são colocados em aterros sanitários, o que causa a necessidade de ações que venham minimizar a quantidade desses resíduos gerados. Diante disso, esse trabalho visa avaliar a resposta mecânica e física do compósito de fibra de vidro-E com a matriz poliéster, quando incorporado resíduo gerado de plástico reforçado por fibras de vidro (PRFV). Para tanto, foram fabricadas, mediante laminação manual, três placas, todas produzidas em vidro-E/poliéster, porém, em duas delas foram incorporados, em peso de resina, 10% e 15% dos resíduos de PRFV. Os ensaios de densidade, de umidade, de tração uniaxial e de flexão em três pontos foram realizados com base nas normas ASTM D792, ASTM D5259, ASTM D3039 e ASTM D790, respectivamente, buscando a caracterização e a avaliação da resposta mecânica após inserção dos resíduos no compósito. Os resultados demostraram que as amostras com resíduo absorveram mais umidade e tornaram-se mais leves. No entanto, houve uma perda da resistência mecânica, tanto na tração como na flexão, para as duas composições com resíduos adicionados, em comparação com amostras do compósito sem resíduo. Porém, a característica da fratura se deu de forma semelhante para os três compósitos avaliados. Destaca-se que as perdas nas propriedades não inviabilizam o uso dos resíduos nesses compósitos, uma vez se conhecendo as solicitações mecânicas e as condições de serviços em que serão expostos.

The high consumption of plastic products generates several impacts, mainly associated with its waste. Due to its characteristics, the possibilities of disposal of this waste are reduced, so that its use as by-products comprises the best solution for the management of this waste. In this context, research has emerged that uses the residue of plastic products, such as post-consumer polyethylene tereftalate (PET), as a substitute for the natural aggregate in cement products. The production of these materials intends to work in parallel two socio-environmental objectives: the reduction of consumption of natural aggregates and the reuse of plastic waste in construction materials. This work will present data related to research on the production of cementitious mortars with partial replacement of natural sand by light aggregate of PET waste (ALRP) aiming at the realization of the state of the art contributing to the methodological basis of future research on the subject. For that, systematic searches were carried out in the ScienceDirect, Web of Science and Scopus databases, using descriptors, logical operators and temporal constraint application. In addition to presenting the main research data, an approach will be made on the importance of the problems associated with the theme and the parameters to be met by this new ecological material based on the concepts of sustainable construction.

The flow measurement of liquids and gases is a necessity in many industrial

To date, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is the criteria widely used at the semiconductor industry wherein the minimum ball shear test requirement is based on the wire diameter. Lately, another standard was introduced in the business, the Automotive Electronic Council (AEC) standard which prescribd a minimum shear reading for a corresponding ball diameter produced.In line with this, this paper presents the characterization made on attributes which could affect the ball formation and shear test results. Moreover, a stucfy was conducted to determine the running capability on ball diameter size and ball shear test readings with respect to ASTM and AEC standards.