Bias of using odds ratio estimates in multinomial logistic regressions to estimate relative risk or prevalence ratio and alternatives Viés da razão de chances estimada pela regressão logística multinomial para estimar o risco relativo ou a razão de prevalência e alternativas El sesgo del odds ratio estimado por la regresión logística multinomial para estimar el riesgo relativo o la razón de prevalencia y alternativas

PySAL is a library for geocomputation and spatial data science. Written in Python, the library has a long history of supporting novel scholarship and broadening methodological impacts far afield of academic work. Recently, many new techniques, methods of analyses, and development modes have been implemented, making the library much larger and more encompassing than that previously discussed in the literature. As such, we provide an introduction to the library as it stands now, as well as the scientific and conceptual underpinnings of its core set of components. Finally, we provide a prospective look at the library's future evolution.

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Regional income convergence and divergence has been an active field of research for more than 20 years, and research papers in this field are still being produced at a prodigious rate. Despite their importance for the study of dynamics of income distribution, interactive visualization tools revealing spatiotemporal dimensions of the income data have been sparsely developed. This study introduces a visual analytics system for the space-time analysis of income dynamics. We use state-level US income data from 1929 to 2009 to demonstrate the visual analytics system and its utility for exploring similar data. The system consists of two modules, visualization and analytics. The visualization module, a Web-based front-end called Rank-Path Visualizer (RPV), draws inspiration from the cartographic technique of flow mapping, originally developed by Tobler and embodied in his canonical Flow Mapper application.

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Recebido em 12 de janeiro de 2012. Aceito em 17 de dezembro de 2012. (1975). Este modelo gerou diversos trabalhos empíricos vistando testar suas hipó-teses. Neste artigo, testam-se as hipóteses do modelo de Azzi e Ehrenberg, aplicando-se um modelo de regressão logística ordenada, com dados da Pesquisa Social Brasileira (PESB) de 2004, sobre frequência religiosa. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, indivíduos do sexo feminino tendem a frequentar mais serviços religiosos: além disso, a frequência religiosa apresentou aumento com a idade e verificou-se uma correlação negativa com a renda. Resumo O moderno marco inicial da Economia da Religião é o modelo de Azzi e Ehrenberg Palavras-ChaveEconomia da Religião, frequência religiosa, modelo de Azzi e Ehrenberg AbstractThe modern landmark for the Economics of Religion is the model proposed by Azzi and Ehrenberg in 1975 to religious frequency. This model has several empirical studies in the literature in order to test their hypotheses. In this article, we test the hypothesis of the model of Azzi and Ehrenberg applying an ordered logistic regression with survey data of the Brazilian Social Research (PESB) 2004 on religious attendance. According to our results, women tend to attend more religious services; religious frequency showed an increase with age and is negatively correlated with income.

One of the most interesting rational religious choice models is that presented by Durkin and Greeley in a 1991 article. The authors base the problem of uncertainty of religious choice on Pascal's Wager as a maximization problem of expected benefit and in faith as an insurance. The objective of the present article is to test the Durkin and Greeley hypothesis model for Brazil. Two dependent variables were used in the tests: religious attendance and faith, as in Durkin and Greeley's original model, and resulted in a highly significant relation. The belief in an after-life had a positive and significant impact on the dependent variable degree of faith. In the case of the tests of the third and last hypothesis of the model, that is, religious attendance and faith are positively related to the religious capital accumulated by the individual, ambiguous results were observed in relation to the confirmation of that hypothesis. An unexpected result turned up: the more conservative the individual showed himself or herself in relation to abortion, the lower was his or her degree of faith and lower was his or her religious frequency.

O objetivo deste trabalho é expor, com base na literatura de Economia da Religião, a premissa de racionalidade humana relacionada ao comportamento religioso. Serão abordados conceitos e definições da Economia da Religião, o objeto de interesse dessa disciplina, isto é, as questões com as quais se preocupa, além de discutir-se, sucintamente, a origem e a evolução da Economia da Religião. Discutem-se dois dos fundamentos teóricos da Economia da Religião: a Escolha Racional e a Teoria do Consumidor aplicada à religião. Como contribuição empírica, realizou-se um teste de um modelo de escolha religiosa empregando a técnica de Análise de Discriminante. Por último, serão discutidas as vantagens, objeções e críticas relativas à Teoria da Escolha Racional Religiosa.
This paper aim, based on the literature of Economics of Religion, to the premise of human rationality related to religious behavior. Are discussed concepts and definitions of the Economics of Religion, the object of interest in this discipline, ie, the most important issues, and discuss briefly the origin and evolution of discipline. Rational Choice and Consumer Theory applied to the Religion, two of the theoretical fundamentals of Economics of Religion are discussed. As an empirical contribution, we carried out a test of a model of religious choice employing the technique of Discriminant Analysis. Finally, we discuss the advantages, objections and criticisms regarding the Rational Choice Theory of Religion