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Besides the spread of knowledge, publications are often related to promotions and academic progression, so timing is vital. Among students in universities, there is a belief that a journal's high impact factor means fast publishing time in ecology journals, such as the time between submission to acceptance and subsequent online posting in journal's Web sites. Here we tested this assumption, and we also examined if a journal's charges, paper length and the number of papers published per year were related to publishing time, specifically the period between submission and online availability of the accepted manuscript. After a thorough survey in 29 ecology journals, we found that publishing time was negatively and significantly related to journal's impact factor, and also negatively (but non-significantly) to the number of paper published per year per journal and positively (but also not significantly) to paper length. Publishing time depended also on journal identity, but there was a large variation from the time between manuscript submission to final acceptance and online posting among journals. Several factors with a high degree of unpredictability and randomness are involved in the publication process, and here we found that journals with high impact factor publish the papers faster compared to journals with low factors. Even with substantial publishing time, e.g., on average 167 days between submission to acceptance and 223 days for online posting, editorial delays in ecology journals are quicker than journals in other disciplines/sciences.

Despite extensive habitat fragmentation, the Neotropical region possesses 30% of the world´s bird species. Microsatellites have remained one of the most popular genetic markers and have been used in ecological and conservation studies since the 1990's. We conducted a literature review comparing the number of papers published from January 1990 to July 2015 that used microsatellite markers for studies of wild birds in the Neotropical region, USA and some European countries. We assigned the articles to three categories of studies: population genetics, animal behavior/kinship analysis and the development of species-specific bird microsatellite markers. We also compared the studies in the Neotropics that used heterologous versus species-specific markers and provide a list of heterologous markers of utility in multiple birds. Despite the rich bird fauna in the Neotropics, the number of articles published represents only 5.6% of that published by the USA and selected European countries. Within the Neotropical region, Brazil possessed 60.5% of the total papers published, with the remaining 39.5% shared between five countries. We conclude that the lack of specialized laboratories and resources still represents a limit to microsatellite-based genetic studies of birds within the Neotropical region. To overcome these limitations, we suggest the use of heterologous microsatellite markers as a cost-effective and time-effective tool to assist ecological studies of wild birds.

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Plant development is infl uenced by several abiotic factors, which in turn infl uence morphological traits and life history. We investigated whether leaf area, herbivory, toughness, fl uctuating asymmetry, structural complexity and the number of infl orescences of Palicourea rigida are infl uenced by sun/shade conditions or by Cerrado phytophysiognomy (typical cerrado or rupestrian fi eld). We expected to fi nd greater structural complexity, leaf toughness and more infl orescences in sun plants; shaded plants were expected to exhibit a greater degree of fl uctuating asymmetry (an index of plant stress), reduced leaf toughness and greater herbivory. As for phytophysiognomies, we expected to fi nd higher levels of leaf toughness and reduced structural complexity in plants from the rupestrian fi eld. We sampled plants in the sun and shade from both phytophysiognomies. Leaf area, toughness, herbivory and fl uctuating asymmetry, were infl uenced more by sun/shade conditions than phytophysiognomy; leaf toughness was the only variable to show greater values in conditions of sun. Our results indicate that exposure to sunlight is not a requirement for increased plant development, but plants in shade are experiencing stress, as shown by increased fl uctuating asymmetry; increased leaf area, a strategy to compensate for lower light exposure for plants and higher herbivory, which depicts lower toughness.

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