Background. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is usually diagnosed in the metastatic stage, when chemotherapy and molecularly-targeted therapies, instead of surgery, play the most important therapeutic role. Application of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy requires the analysis of RAS mutation status and only RAS wild-type (wt) patients are qualified for the therapy. Objectives. The objective of this study was to analyze driver mutations in KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA genes in CRC patients. Material and methods. We assessed the KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA genes in 102 inoperable, locally advanced and advanced CRC patients. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and high resolution melt PCR (HRM-PCR) techniques with DNA intercalating dye were applied in the study. Results. Forty-six patients demonstrated the presence of examined mutations (45. 1%). No significant differences in driver mutation occurrence between men and women, as well as between younger (<65 years) and older (≥65 years) patients were found. The mutations were present significantly more frequently in metastatic than in primary tumors (p = 0.039) due to the high incidence of KRAS gene mutations in metastatic tissue. BRAF and PIK3CA mutations were found only in primary tumors. The incidence of PIK3CA mutations was significantly higher (11.77%) in early than in advanced stages of the disease (1.96%; p = 0.05); NRAS mutations were found only in metastatic cancer (7.85%; p = 0.041). Only a single mutation of the PIK3CA and no mutations of NRAS were found in rectal cancer. Conclusions. Our results have shown low occurrence of driver mutations in Polish CRC patients, involving also mutations in rarely tested genes. The extent of the research panel of additional mutations could contribute to creating a better method of qualifying patients for molecularly targeted therapies and obtaining a better outcome for these therapeutic strategies.
The dose of abnormal ICP may contribute to outcome in insults that involve increased ICP. These results are proof of principle of the potential application of hierarchical clustering to the clinical practice of pediatric neurocritical care.
The purpose of the paper is to properly define the economic sectors of strategic importance to the national security and to evaluate the state’s tools which protect this security. The paper’s methodology is based on two analyses; the former focusing on instruments which are applied by the state in order to control certain fields of the economy, and the latter investigating economic sectors in terms of concentration, impact on the state security and integration with other sectors. The paper also defines the criteria which helped to identify sectors which have strategic importance to the national security, i.e. production and supply of electric energy; extraction and supply of natural gas; extraction, distribution and storage of liquid propellants, telecommunications, banking industry; banknotes and documents’ production (together with related IT solutions) and military industry. The article leads to the conclusion that these sectors are strategically important to the national security. However, there is still a lack of coherent and complete legal regulations that would protect the national security interest related to the part of the economy represented by the analyzed sectors and companies.
Artykuł obejmuje analizę wypłat dywidendy przez krajowe spółki notowane na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Analiza wypłat dywidendy na GPW odnosi się do powszechności wypłat dywidendy, a także wartości dywidendy, wskaźnika stopy dywidendy oraz wskaźnika wypłaty dywidendy. Analiza wykazała, że udział polskich spółek giełdowych wypłacających dywidendę pozostaje istotnie niższy od średniego poziomu w Europie. Do czasu kryzysu gospodarczego rola dywidend na GPW wzrastała pod względem wartości wypłat. Kryzys gospodarczy ograniczył łączną wartość dywidend wypłaconych w 2009 r. (za 2008 r.) oraz liczbę spółek przeznaczających część zysku na wypłat dywidend. Niemniej jednak spółki, które w 2009 r. wypłaciły dywidendę, przeznaczyły na nią relatywnie (w odniesieniu do zysku) większą część zysku niż firmy wypłacające dywidendę w roku poprzednim (w 2008 r. za rok 2007). Może to potwierdzać, że spółki wykorzystują funkcję lojalnościową dywidendy. (abstrakt oryginalny)
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