In the last 25 years, numerous tissue engineered heart valve (TEHV) strategies have been studied in large animal models. To evaluate, qualify and summarize all available publications, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We identified 80 reports that studied TEHVs of synthetic or natural scaffolds in pulmonary position (n = 693 animals). We identified substantial heterogeneity in study designs, methods and outcomes. Most importantly, the quality assessment showed poor reporting in randomization and blinding strategies. Meta-analysis showed no differences in mortality and rate of valve regurgitation between different scaffolds or strategies. However, it revealed a higher transvalvular pressure gradient in synthetic scaffolds (11.6 mmHg; 95% CI, [7.31–15.89]) compared to natural scaffolds (4,67 mmHg; 95% CI, [3,94–5.39]; p = 0.003). These results should be interpreted with caution due to lack of a standardized control group, substantial study heterogeneity, and relatively low number of comparable studies in subgroup analyses. Based on this review, the most adequate scaffold model is still undefined. This review endorses that, to move the TEHV field forward and enable reliable comparisons, it is essential to define standardized methods and ways of reporting. This would greatly enhance the value of individual large animal studies.

Introduction Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) medical therapies are currently of limited effect, which creates a larger role for patient preferences in the way HG care is arranged. This is the first study using in-depth interviews to investigate patients' preferences and experiences of HG treatment. Materials and Methods We conducted individual in-depth interviews among women who had been hospitalized for HG in North Holland at least once in the past 4 years. We asked them about their experiences, preferences, and suggestions for improvement regarding the HG treatment they received. The sample size was determined by reaching data saturation. Themes were identified from analysis of the interview transcripts. Results and Discussion 13 women were interviewed. Interviewees emphasized the importance of early recognition of the severity of HG, increasing caregivers' knowledge on HG, early medical intervention, and nasogastric tube feeding. They valued a single room in hospital, discussion of treatment options, more possibilities of home-treatment, psychological support during HG and after childbirth, and more uniform information and policies regarding HG treatment. Conclusion Further research is needed to establish whether the suggestions can lead to more (cost) effective care and improve the course of HG and outcomes for HG patients and their children.

Reaction of sulfurdiimines RN=S=NR and the isoelectronic and structurallyThe dimeric complexes [Me,Al{RNS(Me)X}] (X = 0, NR) exist in two conformations which undergo intramolecular interconversion in the case of the sulfurdiimine compounds, and probably also for the sulfinylaniline derivatives. In the latter case intermolecular exchange via a monometic species also plays a role. This monomer may be observed in dilute solutions. While the sulfinylaniline compounds are stable in solution (CDCI,, pyridine), the sulfurdiimine compounds decompose slowly in CDCL, and rapidly in pyridine to produce diazoaryls, some RNH, and polymeric products. The alcoholysis of the sulfurdiimine-Al complexes also usually give similar products_ The possible roles of nitrene N-R and radical RNS-Me intermediates in the decompositions are discussed.