Recent studies have suggested that an association between size and speed of stomatal opening of stomata within taxa is likely to play a role in photosynthesis and transpiration. In this study we investigate whether this correlation applies for seedlings of 11 rainforest species from different taxa, and whether differences in stomatal and gas exchange parameters were related to initial growth under field and controlled conditions. The experiment was conducted on seedlings of nine late successional species and two early successional species, placed in full sunlight or 70% shade. We assessed density, size, length and width of guard cells, coupled with gas exchange parameters in the transition from darkness to light, recording minimum stomatal conductance during daytime darkness (gs-dark), operating maximum stomatal conductance (gs-op), speed of stomatal opening and the time to reach 50% conductance (T-50%). All stomata and gas exchange parameters were different between species. Shade significantly affected size and density, and all gas exchange parameters except gs-op were different between light situations. Stomatal size correlated negatively with speed of opening and positively with T-50%, confirming that smaller stomata open faster than large stomata. The two early successional species were very different in stomatal size and density, and in response to light. Anatomic parameters and physiological traits were not related to height growth, but gs-dark, gs-op and speed of stomatal opening were associated with biomass growth in a subselection of six late successional species.
The green pigment chlorophyll gives a plant's leaves and stems their color. In addition to being crucial to the process of photosynthesis, chlorophyll is also rich in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing compounds. Many green vegetables, especially lettuce, contain chlorophyll. Lots of vitamins, proteins, minerals, calcium, phosphorus, sitosterol, and minerals, particularly iron, are present in lettuce leaves and are beneficial to the growth and wellness of the human body. Both hydroponically and non-hydroponically, lettuce can be grown. In a preliminary study completed in December 2020, it was discovered that lettuce grown hydroponically had a lower chlorophyll level than lettuce grown conventionally. The goal of this study is to determine how adding eco-enzymes affects the amount of chlorophyll in lettuce produced hydroponically. Eco-enzymes are created through the fermentation of organic kitchen waste, sugar, and water in a 3:1:10 ratio. These enzymes can speed up biochemical processes in nature and are helpful in the utilization of leftover fruit or vegetables.
We examined regeneration processes within a permanent 0.9 ha tropical rainforest plot located in the West Sumatran Ulu Gadut region at about 630 m altitude. Our study site, the Gajabuih plot (GJB), was heavily logged in 1997. This induced conspicuous decreases in species number and diversity. Logging affected major climax species, few of which survived as standing trees. Species ordination analysis revealed a shift from a mature forest similar to that of a little-disturbed plot in the same region (PIN) to a young regenerating stand dominated by vigorous pioneer secondary forest species, such as Villebrunea rubescens (shade tolerant, random habitat preferences) and Mallotus paniculatus (widely dispersing species). Sprouter species made up 79% of calculated importance values in the regenerating stand. Single-stemmed trees (77% of total basal area) dominated the stand irrespective of species groups (survived or newcomer). Single-stemmed and multi-stemmed trees tended to be located on low slopes and ridge sites, respectively. The life strategy spectrum of the trees suggests that increases in the incidence of sprouting were promoted by heavy disturbance and variation in topographical structure. Sprouting abilities were negatively correlated with potential growth rates, as were shoot mortalities after storm damage. However, sprouting ability was positively correlated with the mechanical strength of trees (stem hardness). Using this information, we explored regeneration capacity by sprouting of tropical forests across environmental gradients of resources and disturbance.
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