LA administration with music or 3D video glasses distraction had an added advantage in a majority of children with 3D video glasses being superior to music. High levels of satisfaction from children who experienced treatment with 3D video glasses were also observed.

Background: This study evaluated the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) distraction and counter-stimulation (CS) on dental anxiety and pain perception to local anesthesia in children. Methods: A prospective, randomized, single-blinded interventional clinical trial with a parallel design was used. Seventy children 7-11 years old who required local anesthesia (LA) for pulp therapy or tooth extraction were recruited and allocated to two groups with equal distribution based on the intervention. Group CS (n = 35) received CS and Group VR (n = 35) received VR distraction with ANTVR glasses. Anxiety levels (using pulse rate) were evaluated before, during, and after administration of local anesthesia, while pain perception was assessed immediately after the injection. Wong-Baker faces pain-rating scale (WBFPS), visual analog scale (VAS), and Venham's clinical anxiety rating scale (VCARS) were used for pain evaluation. Student's t-test was used to test the mean difference between groups, and repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the mean difference of pulse rates. Results: Significant differences in mean pulse rates were observed in both groups, while children in the VR group had a higher reduction (P < 0.05), and the mean VCARS scores were significant in the VR group (P < 0.05). Mean WBFPS scores showed less pain perception to LA needle prick in the CS group while the same change was observed in the VR group with VAS scores. Conclusions: VR distraction is better than CS for reducing anxiety to injection in children undergoing extraction and pulpectomy.

Biofeedback can be used in the initial visits for dentally anxious children and the usage of simpler biofeedback machines for these appointments in dental setup is suggested.

Background:The distribution of the Carabelli trait is highly variable in different regions and races of the world.Objective:To determine the prevalence of Carabelli trait in a group of children from Nellore.Materials and Methods:Children who attended the department between October 2011 to March 2012 were selected and examined for the expression of Carabelli trait in the maxillary primary second molar, permanent first and permanent second molars on the basis of the classification developed by Kraus and standards developed by Dahlberg.Statistical Methods:Descriptive statistics was performed and the relative frequency of expression in each category, according to Kraus's and Dahlberg's classification was calculated. Sexual dimorphism was statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney U-test.Results:A total of 89.8% of primary second molars, 63.7% of permanent first molars, and 8% of permanent second molars showed some form of expression of Carabelli trait in the target population.Conclusion:Though there was a high frequency of intermediate expressions of this trait, occurrence of a definite cusp of Carabelli on the primary maxillary second molar and permanent maxillary first molar was relatively infrequent. A high percentage of the permanent maxillary second molars showed complete absence of Carabelli trait and there was no sexual dimorphism. Bilateralism with varying degrees of asymmetry was noted and there was tendency for concordance between the two sides but not within individual sides.

Objective: To determine the evidence on the adverse effects of placing dental implants in healthy growing children. Study design: A systematic search was conducted in five electronic databases: PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane, EBSCO host, ProQuest. Studies on implants placed in children below the age of 19 years, with loss of tooth either due to trauma or caries were included, whereas, studies on mini implants and implants placed due to congenital absence of teeth were excluded. The articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were analyzed based on the predetermined criteria of success. Results: A total of 8 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All the included articles were case reports/series, involving a total of 16 implants (15 maxillary, one mandibular) in 11 adolescents (7 boys and 4 girls). The age of implant placement ranged between ten to 17 years with a mean age of 13.4 years and the follow up period, 4.5 months to 13 years. Pain, paresthesia, mobility or peri-implant radiolucency was not reported in any case report, indicating good integration. Radiographic crestal bone loss, probing depth and implant esthetics were not mentioned. The infraocclusion was not reported in 5 cases (age: 11–17 years, follow up: 4.5 months-two years), however, it was an adverse effect in 6 cases (age: ten-17 years, follow up: three-13 years). Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to contradict the placement of dental implants in healthy growing children; the only reported adverse event is infraocclusion, the management of which too is discussed. However, as all the data is from case reports, the result should be interpreted with caution. Therefore, well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to address this gap in the literature.

Purpose: To compare the effect of educational (sign language and video modeling) and therapeutic intervention (liquorice) on oral hygiene status of children with hearing impairment (CHI).Methods: Ninety-three CHI, in the age range of 5-15 years, were recruited in to the study. Children were assigned to two educational intervention groups: sign language and video modeling. Each group was again randomly divided into two: with one subgroup receiving therapeutic intervention using liquorice as a mouth wash and the other group receiving no intervention. For all children, baseline oral hygiene, gingival, and plaque index scores were recorded and oral prophylaxis was performed. Based on the subgroup to which the child was assigned, oral hygiene instructions were given on a weekly basis, whereas therapeutic intervention was performed twice daily for 28 days. Reassessment was done after the completion of interventions and after 3 months, followed by statistical analysis.

Objective:The objective of the following study is to evaluate freshly prepared tranexamic acid mouth wash (FTAMW) as an alternative to factor replacement therapy (FRT) in controlling gingival bleeding in hemophiliacs during dental scaling.Materials and Methods:Experimental treatment regime (ETR) involved saline transfusion followed by FTAMW and the control treatment regime (CTR) involved FRT followed by placebo mouthwash. A total of 22 hemophiliacs randomly received dental scaling under either CTR or ETR at two different visits, following a split mouth design. They were instructed to use the rendered mouthwash 4 times a day for 5 days and record the mouthwash usage and bleeding episodes in a logbook. The difference in the bleeding episodes was analyzed using Chi-square test with the level of significance predetermined at 0.05.Results:Totally 19 patients completed the study. Seven patients reported no bleeding either in ETR or CTR; five patients noticed bleeding in CTR, but not in ETR. Three patients noticed bleeding in ETR, but not in CTR. Patients reported ease in usage and cost-effectiveness of ETR.Conclusion:FTAMW was found to be an effective alternative to FRT in controlling gingival hemorrhage in hemophiliacs during dental scaling.

Application of varnish over GIC can severely impede its fluoride release property. Similarly petroleum jelly also impedes the fluoride release, but to a very less extent. We suggest that in situations where the fluoride release property is more important than other properties it is better to coat the GIC with petroleum jelly or leave the restoration without any coating.