Background: In our ophthalmology outpatient department, routinely to observe the posterior segment of the eye and the fundus of the eye, we use various mydriatics such as atropine, cyclopentolate, and tropicamide for various indications. As there are a lot of mydriatics clinically used, taking much time for dilation, any add-on drug can be used for dilatation of pupils helping the underlying drugs for a better outcome. This study provides information regarding the effect of topical administration of gentamicin on horizontal pupillary diameter (HPD) over and above use of other mydriatics in rabbit’s eye. There are no similar studies in the past. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gentamicin on the HPD of rabbit’s eye. Materials and Methods: After taking the Institutional Ethics Committee clearance, 48 rabbits were taken into this study and were divided into 2 groups of 24 rabbits each. HPD was measured in both eyes before starting the experiment. Gentamicin eye drops were instilled in the right eye (test) and normal saline in the left eye (control) in both groups of 24 each. HPD was measured in both eyes after 30 min of instilling drops, and readings were noted. Thereafter, homatropine hydrobromide was instilled in both eyes in the first group (24 rabbits), and phenylephrine hydrochloride in the second group (24 rabbits). HPD in both eyes was measured every 5 min for 30 min. Results: After 30 min of instilling gentamicin eye drops in the test eye, there was no change in HPD; however, after instilling a mydriatic agent (homatropine or phenylephrine), there was an early onset of mydriasis as well as marked mydriasis in test eye compared to control eye in both groups. Hence, the differences in HPD between both eyes (test and control eye) were statistically not significant (P = 0.083). Conclusion: Topical application of gentamicin does not have a mydriatic effect, but it potentiates the mydriatic effect of homatropine and phenylephrine in rabbit’s eye.
Background: Although various drugs have been used in the treatment of COVID-19 infections, specific drug with good therapeutic outcome is still unclear. They are using remdesivir, favipiravir, ivermectin, azithromycin, and so on. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical profile of patients treated with different regimens and their outcome in improvement or morbidity of patients. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study after approval by the institutional ethics committee. Data were collected from case files of COVID-19-positive patients treated in COVID-19 ward in Bharati Hospital, Sangli. We collected as per our protocol pro forma as – routine COVID treatment with remdesivir, favipiravir, and non-antiviral drugs. We analyzed various clinical profiles (presenting complaints), duration of stay in COVID wards, their outcome as improved and discharged, or deaths occurred. Results: It was observed that majority 54% of patients were from 40 to 50 years’ range. There was male preponderance 64%. Clinical symptoms were fever (92%), cough (85%), sore throat (77%), headache (53%), and breathlessness (10%). Majority of them were diabetes mellitus (51%), obesity (22%), and hypertension. Ventilatory support needed in 18%, rest recovered on pharmacotherapy. Conclusion: One of the highly infectious diseases causing COVID-19 is contagious and transmitted through airborne droplets generated by sneezing, smooching, and coughing. So as per the WHO and CDC guidelines avoid close contact with these infected persons in a market or public place. Vaccines available against COVID-19 Covishield and Covaxin to prevent the severity and to have immunity against COVID should be taken by all.
Introduction: Incidence of stroke is higher in developing countries than in developed countries. India shows prevalence of Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD) in the range of 52 to 843/100,000 population. Stroke causes 9% deaths around the world. The basic principle of managing stroke includes making an accurate diagnosis, choosing the effective drugs and dose for the stroke type. Aim: To analyse the outcomes of pharmacotherapy of stroke based on characteristics and clinical presentation of patients admitted to hospital and to know the adverse effect of drugs used. Materials and Methods: This cohort study was conducted with Department of Medicine and Neurology at Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubballi from January 2015 to December 2015. After clearance from Institutional Ethics Committee, 162 cases were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The clinical history, in examination modified Rankin score (mRS) at admission, discharge and on follow-up were recorded. The criteria for selecting the drugs, frequency, dosing, duration and change in drug therapy were recorded. The efficacy of drug therapy was assessed by clinical improvement. The adverse events were assessed and recorded. The patients were followed-up at three and six months. The data were entered after defining the variables in SPSS (version 16) from case record form. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise baseline data. Results: Of the 162 patients, 155 completed the six months follow-up. The median age of patients was 60 years for ischaemic and 55 years for haemorrhagic stroke. More males were admitted with strokes {108 (69.67%)} compared to females {47 (30.32%)}; 130 (83.87%) patients had ischaemic strokes, 16 (10.30%) haemorrhagic stroke {15 (9.67%) were intracerebral haemorrhage + 1 (0.63 %) patient had a subarachnoid haemorrhage}, 9 (5.8%) had Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA). The modified Rankin score calculated for the patients was statistically significant between admission and discharge (1.29, p-value 0.0035), and that between three months and six months (0.9, p-value 0.003) of follow-up.Total 93% of 121 patients with ischaemic stroke received antiplatelet therapy. Amlodipine was the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive. Conclusion: Pharmacotherapy of stroke in the study was evidence-based and satisfactory. However, patients showed reduced compliance to all medications. Clinical presentation and type of stroke were important predictors of morbidity and mortality at the end of six months.
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