We measure the capacity of multiple-input multiple-output radio systems in microcellular environments. We use a new data evaluation method that allows to evaluate the cumulative distribution function of the capacity from a single measurement. This method is based on an extraction of the parameters of the multipath components and, thereafter, a synthetic variation of their phases. In the analyzed environments, we find capacities to be about 30% smaller than would be anticipated from an idealized model. In addition, the frequency selectivity of the channel makes the cdf of the capacity steeper and, thus, increases the outage capacity, compared with the frequency-flat case, but the influence on the mean capacity is small.Index Terms-Multipath channels, multiple-input multiple-output, radio propagation. 0733-8716/02$17.00 © 2002 IEEE Martin Steinbauer(S'99-A'01) was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1973. In 1996, he received the Dipl.-Ing. degree from Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Australia, with distinction.After studies on GSM1800 behavior at high vehicular speeds, he joined the Institut für Nachrichtentechnik und Hochfrequenztechnik at TU-Wien, Vienna, Austria, as a Research Engineer. During his three year participation in the EU-project META-MORP, he specialized in radio channel measurement and characterization. As Chairman of a subgroup on directional channel modeling within the European research initiative COST259, he promoted harmonization among different channel modeling approaches toward a common setting for directional channel simulations. His main interests are now on the propagation side of MIMO systems including appropriate measurement techniques, data evaluation and signal processing.Mr. Steinbauer is a member of the Austrian Electrical Engineering Society.

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The use of large-size antenna arrays to implement pencil-beam forming techniques is becoming a key asset to cope with the very high throughput density requirements and high path-loss of future millimeter-wave (mm-wave) gigabit-wireless applications. Suboptimal beamforming (BF) strategies based on search over discrete set of beams (steering vectors) are proposed and implemented in present standards and applications. The potential of fully adaptive advanced BF strategies that will become possible in the future, thanks to the availability of accurate localization and powerful distributed computing, is evaluated in this paper through system simulation. After validation and calibration against mm-wave directional indoor channel measurements, a 3-D ray tracing model is used as a propagation-prediction engine to evaluate performance in a number of simple, reference cases. Ray tracing itself, however, is proposed and evaluated as a real-time prediction tool to assist future BF techniques.INDEX TERMS MIMO, beamforming, ray tracing, millimeter-wave propagation, channel measurements. 1314 2169-3536 2014 IEEE. Translations and content mining are permitted for academic research only.Personal use is also permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information. VOLUME 2, 2014 ROBERT MÜLLER received the M.S. degree in electronic engineering from His areas of interest include high-frequency components design in Rogers and LTCC technology. Furthermore, he is also working on high-frequency front-end design, antenna design, ultrawideband system design, and special antenna array design for channel sounding applications. His research is focusing on channel sounding measurements system and analysis for further communication system in the field of V2V and cellular networks.CHRISTIAN SCHNEIDER received the Diploma degree in electrical engineering from the Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany, in 2001, where he is currently pursuing the Dr.Ing. degree with the Institute for Information Technology. His research interests include space-time signal processing, turbo techniques, adaptive techniques, multidimensional channel sounding, channel characterization and analysis, and channel modeling for single and multiuser cases in cellular and vehicular networks. He was a recipient of the Best Paper Award at the European Wireless Conference in 2013.

For the identification of the time-variant

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5G promises many new vertical service areas beyond simple communication and data transfer. We propose CPCL (cooperative passive coherent location), a distributed MIMO radar service, which can be offered by mobile radio network operators as a service for public user groups. CPCL comes as an inherent part of the radio network and takes advantage of the most important key features proposed for 5G. It extends the well-known idea of passive radar (also known as passive coherent location, PCL) by introducing cooperative principles. These range from cooperative, synchronous radio signaling, and MAC up to radar data fusion on sensor and scenario levels. By using software-defined radio and network paradigms, as well as real-time mobile edge computing facilities intended for 5G, CPCL promises to become a ubiquitous radar service which may be adaptive, reconfigurable, and perhaps cognitive. As CPCL makes double use of radio resources (both in terms of frequency bands and hardware), it can be considered a green technology. Although we introduce the CPCL idea from the viewpoint of vehicle-tovehicle/infrastructure (V2X) communication, it can definitely also be applied to many other applications in industry, transport, logistics, and for safety and security applications.Index Terms-5G verticals, vehicle-to-x (V2X), cooperative driving, intelligent transport systems (ITS), joint communication and radar, passive coherent location (PCL), passive OFDM radar, distributed MIMO radar network, radar resource management, high-resolution radar parameter estimation All authors are with the Technische Universität Ilmenau (Ilmenau University of Technology). Carsten Andrich, Michael Döbereiner, and Giovanni Del Galdo are with the Fraunhofer IIS.

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