A simple, sensitive method developed for the analysis of geostandards was used to measure the accumulation of Cd in soils from superphosphate applied annually to grassland and arable soils for many years. Rates of application were equivalent to 33 kg P and 5 g Cd ha-' yr-' for 95 yr in three experiments in England and to 37 kgP and 20gCdha-'yr-' for 30 yr in one experiment in New Zealand. Very little Cd accumulated in the surface horizons (0-22.5cm) of either of the arable soils from England; about one-quarter of the applied Cd was detected in the sub-soil (22.5-45.0 cm) of one experiment (Broadbalk) but none in the second (Barnfield). About one-half of the applied Cd was retained in the CL22.5 cm horizon of grassland soils from both England tnd New Zealand. The light ( <2.2 g C I T -~) organic-rich fraction of Park Grass soil from England contained about three times as much Cd as the heavier, mineral-rich fraction. This suggests that when Cd is incorporated into organic matter its mobility is decreased and soil pH then has smaller effects on its mobility. Uptake of Cd by grass-clover pasture in New Zealand averaged only 0.4 g Cd ha-' yr-' or 2% of the amount applied.
We have detected volatile species of silicon, vanadium, arsenic, bromine, tin, antimony, tellurium, iodine, mercury, lead and bismuth in gases released from domestic waste deposits, using inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). By concurrent aspiration of a multielement standard solution for calibration, the element concentrations in deposit gas are found to be in the range from 0.1 ng m-3 to 10 pg m-3 gas. The global amount of some metal species emitted by this process may be of the order of several tons per year. These results suggest a biogeochemical pathway for the transfer of metals into the atmosphere via volatile species. This process may have significant influence on atmospheric cycling of metals as well as on metal toxicity within ecosystems.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.