In order to reveal the chemical characteristics of Glycyrrhiza uralensis growing in Mongolia and to clarify whether it can be the source of Glycyrrhizae Radix used in Japan, eight major bioactive constituents in the underground parts of G. uralensis collected in Mongolia were quantitatively analyzed and compared with Glycyrrhizae Radix produced in China. Most of the 15 samples from eastern, southern and western parts of Mongolia contained 26.95-58.55 mg/g of glycyrrhizin, exceeding the criterion (25 mg/g) assigned in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. The sample collected in Tamsagiyn hooly, Dornod province, in eastern Mongolia was of the highest content 58.55 mg/g. The contents of three flavanone constituents (liquiritin apioside, liquiritin and liquiritigenin) and three chalcones (isoliquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin and isoliquiritigenin) varied significantly according to collection places; the subtotal of the three flavanones ranged from 3.00 to 26.35 mg/g, and the subtotal of the three chalcones ranged from 1.13 to 10.50 mg/g. The content of glycyrrhizin and subtotal contents of flavanones and chalcones in the underground parts of G. uralensis from Mongolia were obviously lower than wild samples, but higher than cultivated samples derived from the same species produced in China. Glycycoumarin, a species-specific constituent of G. uralensis, was detected in all Mongolian samples. Its contents in samples from eastern Mongolia, Sergelen and Tamsagiyn hooly of Dornod province were very high and were compatible with Tohoku-kanzo derived from wild Chinese G. uralensis. The present study suggested that Mongolian G. uralensis could be a source of Glycyrrhizae Radix, mostly of Japanese Pharmacopoeia grade. However, the producing area should be taken into consideration to ensure relatively high quality. In addition, planned use and promotion of cultivation must be advocated to avoid confronting Mongolian Glycyrrhiza with the same threat as its congener in China. Our study sheds some light on selecting cultivation areas and superior strains, which are important tasks to promote cultivation.
As the first step in the epidemiological evaluation of the effectiveness of mass screening for colorectal cancer, we compared clinicopathological features and survival rates of patients with cancer detected by mass screening (screened group) with those for patients treated in our outpatient clinic in the same period (outpatient group). The screened group consisted of 53 patients with colorectal cancer detected by 2-day or 3-day screening for fecal occult blood by guaiac slides. Their background factors were comparable to those of 120 patients of the outpatient group in regard to age, sex ratio, location of cancer, and histological type of cancer. In the screened group, 90% of patients had no complaints, and positive occult blood tests led to the detection of cancers. More than 60% of the patients had Dukes' A and B1 early cancers while only about 30% had advanced cancers. In the outpatient group, nearly 90% of patients were symptomatic, most commonly from rectal bleeding. Early-stage cancers made up only 20%, and large, advanced-stage cancers accounted for 80%. The 5-year survival rate of the screened group was 91.5%, being significantly higher than the 60% survival rate for the outpatient group. It is anticipated that mass screening for colorectal cancer by guaiac fecal occult blood testing will significantly reduce the mortality due to this neoplasm.
The results reveal that almost all nurses were exposed to cyclophosphamide. Even when the patient in the intravenous drip of CP was not being cared for, it became clear that exposure by CP existed. As the route of the exposure to CP, the inhalation or dermal absorption can be considered. To ensure minimum exposed to antineoplastic drugs, suitable personal protective equipment needs to be equipped also of various scenes of caring for chemotherapy patients. Moreover, it is important to keep an eye on the monitoring of the antineoplastic drug in the environment and a nurse's health condition periodically going forward.
Hand baths can improve the level of subjective comfort and increase the heart rate and might affect autonomic nervous activity. The skin temperature of the forearms was maintained for 30 min in the hand bath group.
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