To elucidate the mechanism of clubroot suppression under neutral soil pH, a highly reproducible germination assay system under soil culture conditions was designed based on the hypothesis that germinated spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae could be identified by the absence of a nucleus (i.e. having released a zoospore to infect a root hair of the host plant). Brassica rapa var. perviridis seedlings were inoculated with a spore suspension of P. brassicae at a rate of 2·0 × 10 6 spores gsoil and grown in a growth chamber for 7 days. The spores were recovered from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils and stained with both Fluorescent Brightener 28 (cell-wall-specific) and SYTO 82 orange fluorescent nucleic-acid stain (nucleus-specific stain). Total numbers of spores were counted under UV-excitation, and spores with a nucleus that fluoresced orange under G-excitation were counted. The significant increase in the percentage of spores without a nucleus (germinated spores) in the rhizosphere after 7 days' cultivation and the correlation with root-hair infections validated the assay system. Applications of calcium-rich compost or calcium carbonate to neutralize the soil significantly reduced the percentage of germinated spores in the rhizosphere, as well as the number of root-hair infections. The present study provides direct evidence that the inhibition of spore germination is the primary cause of disease suppression under neutral soil pH.

BackgroundAlthough intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy is generally safe and well tolerated, adverse reactions (ARs) do occur. The majority of these ARs are mild and transient. Risk factors for ARs associate with IVIG infusions are not well established. This study investigated possible risk factors influencing the occurrence of IVIG-associated ARs.Study Design and MethodsThis was a retrospective observational analysis of data accumulated over 5 years, including patient demographics, clinical condition, IVIG dosing regimens, number of IVIG infusions, and any ARs.ResultsARs were associated with IVIG in 4.9% of patients and 2.5% of infusions. By univariate analyses, ARs correlated with female sex, adult age, high dose IVIG, and autoimmune disease. Multivariate logistic regression identified three statistically significant of risk factors: on a per-patient basis, being female (p=0.0018), having neuromuscular disease (p=0.0002), and receiving higher doses of IVIG per patient body weight (p<0.001), on a per-infusion basis, being female (p < 0.001), being adolescents to middle age (p < 0.001), and having neuromuscular disease (p < 0.001).ConclusionNeuromuscular disease emerged as one of the significant factors for ARs to IVIG.

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19Background 20 Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic 21 modality for cellular therapy because of their rapid proliferation and potent cellular activity 33 exploited.3 34 Results 35ADSCs cryopreserved in serum containing 10% DMSO or CP-1 TM at −150°C and 7 × 10 6 36 cells/mL were most viable (>85%) after 18 months without perturbation of MSC functions. 37Even suboptimal conditions (−80°C, 1 × 10 6 cells/mL, no DMSO) assured >80% viability when 38 stored for up to 9 months. Large quantities of ADSCs in a cryobag were properly 39 cryopreserved. 40 Conclusions 41A programmable freezer or liquid nitrogen storage is not necessary. CP-1 TM is preferable in 42 terms of side effects. Simplified cryopreservation methods (−80°C and no DMSO) can be used 43 for up to 9 months, resulting in reduced infusion toxicities and lower costs. 44 45

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