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Familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) is broadly defined as two first-degree-relatives with pancreatic cancer (PC) and accounts for 4%-10% of PC. Several genetic syndromes, including Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, hereditary pancreatitis, hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC), Lynch syndrome, and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), also have increased risks of PC, but the narrowest definition of FPC excludes these known syndromes. When compared with other familial tumors, proven genetic alterations are limited to a small proportion (< 20%) and the familial aggregation is usually modest. However, an ethnic deviation (Ashkenazi Jewish > Caucasian) and a younger onset are common also in FPC. In European countries, “anticipation” is reported in FPC families, as with other hereditary syndromes; a trend toward younger age and worse prognosis is recognized in the late years. The resected pancreases of FPC kindred often show multiple pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) foci, with various K-ras mutations, similar to colorectal polyposis seen in the FAP patients. As with HBOC patients, a patient who is a BRCA mutation carrier with unresectable pancreatic cancer (accounting for 0%-19% of FPC patients) demonstrated better outcome following platinum and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor treatment. Western countries have established FPC registries since the 1990s and several surveillance projects for high-risk individuals are now ongoing to detect early PCs. Improvement in lifestyle habits, including non-smoking, is recommended for individuals at risk. In Japan, the FPC study group was initiated in 2013 and the Japanese FPC registry was established in 2014 by the Japan Pancreas Society.

Five patients with obstructive jaundice caused by malignant periampullary biliary stenosis underwent EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CDS) from the first portion of the duodenum using a convex echoendoscope and a needle knife. All the steps of the procedure including passage dilatation and the plastic stent placement were performed through the accessory channel of the echoendoscope over the guide wire. Stent insertion was technically successful in all five patients. The procedure was also clinically effective in relieving jaundice in all cases. One patient developed pneumoperitoneum, which resolved with conservative management. Stent exchange was successful in seven of eight attempts in patients with stent occlusion. One failure was due to tumor invasion to the choledochoduodenal fistula. Stent patency was maintained in the remaining patients throughout their survival period. The average stent patency was 211.8 days. EUS-CDS from the first portion of the duodenum appears to be feasible and safe in cases of obstructive jaundice caused by distal bile duct obstruction.

This single-center comparative randomized superiority study compared biliary stenting using fully covered selfexpandable metal stents (FCSEMS) and biliary stenting using plastic stents (PS) in preoperative biliary drainage of patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC) who are planned to undergo a single regimen of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC).Methods: Twenty-two patients with BRPC who required preoperative biliary drainage before NAC (Gemcitabine plus Nabpaclitaxel) were randomly assigned 1:1 to the FCSEMS or PS group. The primary endpoint was the rate of stent dysfunction until surgery or tumor progression. Secondary endpoints were stent patency, number of re-interventions, adverse events of endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (EBD), operation time, volume of intraoperative bleeding, postoperative hospitalization, postoperative adverse events and medical costs.Results: Eleven patients in each of the groups reached the primary endpoint. The FCSEMS group showed a significantly lower rate of stent dysfunction (18.2% vs. 72.8%, P = 0.015), longer stent patency (P = 0.02), and lower number of reinterventions for stent dysfunction (0.27 AE 0.65 vs. 1.27 AE 1.1, P = 0.001) than the PS group. The adverse events of EBD, operation time, volume of intraoperative bleeding, postoperative hospitalization, postoperative adverse events and medical costs did not significantly differ between the two groups.Conclusions: In patients with BRPC for preoperative biliary drainage, stent dysfunction occurred less frequently with FCSEMSs than with PSs. In addition, FCSEMS and PS provided similar preoperative management of BRPC in terms of the safety of surgery and medical costs. (UMIN ID000030473).

UMIN000010021.

Background and Aims Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) is used for the histopathological diagnosis of any type of gastrointestinal disease. Few adverse events are experienced with this procedure; however, the actual rate of adverse events remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the current status of cases that experienced adverse events related to the EUS‐FNA procedure used for histopathologic diagnoses. Methods A retrospective analysis of cases with EUS‐FNA‐related adverse events in Japanese tertiary centers was conducted by assessing the following clinical data: basic case information, FNA technique, type of procedural adverse events, and prognosis. Results Of the 13,566 EUS‐FNA cases overall, the total number of cases in which adverse events related to EUS‐FNA occurred was 234. The incidence of EUS‐FNA‐related adverse events was ~1.7%. Bleeding and pancreatitis cases accounted for ~49.1% and 26.5% of all adverse events, respectively. Bleeding was the most common adverse event with only seven cases requiring blood transfusion. In cases with neuroendocrine tumors, pancreatitis was the most frequent adverse event. Needle tract seeding because of EUS‐FNA was observed during the follow‐up period in only ~0.1% of cases with pancreatic cancer. There was no mortality because of adverse events caused by EUS‐FNA. Conclusions This study revealed that the adverse events‐related EUS‐FNA for histopathologic diagnoses were not severe conditions, and had low incidence.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine a predictive indicator of gemcitabine (GEM) efficacy in unresectable pancreatic cancer using tissue obtained by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA).