Combination therapy with TOF might have the potential to control refractory anti-MDA5 Ab+ DM-ILD.

CAM includes clinicohistopathologically heterogeneous disease entities. Among CAM entities, anti-TIF1-γ-Ab(+) CAM has characteristically shown a close temporal association with cancer detection and the histopathologic findings of dC5b-9 and VFs, and CAM with NAM is a subset of anti-TIF1-γ-Ab(-) CAM.

FDG-PET imaging has limited usefulness for the evaluation of myositis in patients with PM/DM because of its low sensitivity, although it might be useful for detection of malignancy in these patients.

Increases in serum KL-6 and SP-D levels during the first 4 weeks after starting therapy, but not their levels at any one time point, predict poor prognosis in patients with PM/DM. When marked increases of KL-6 and SP-D levels during the first 4 weeks are found or are predicted by serial measurement of the markers, patients have risks of poor prognosis and additional therapy should be considered.

OP develops in approximately 4% of RA patients, which occurs independently from arthritis activity and at any time in RA patients.