Whereas most studies of lesson study in teacher education seem to report on success stories, this article investigates a negative case. From an implementation of lesson study in Norwegian teacher education, we analyse data from a mathematics group that struggled with their implementation.Analysis of data from group interviews, mentoring sessions and teaching the research lesson indicates that several crucial aspects of lesson study were missing. The student teachers did not formulate a research question for their research lesson, they did not focus on observing pupil learning, and their lesson was not organized to make pupil learning visible.Keywords: lesson study, teacher education, mathematics, negative case Highlights: We examine one group of student teachers that struggled with implementing lesson study. Four indicators of a negative case emerged from analysis of empirical data. Student teachers had little focus on observing pupils' learning. Individual work on tasks prohibited observations of pupils' learning. Analysis of a negative case can inform future implementations of lesson study in teacher education.
Abstract• Purpose -A structured review of literature on Lesson Study (LS) in initial teacher education (ITE) was conducted. The focus was on how learning and observation were discussed in studies of LS in ITE.• Design -Each national team (in Norway and England) undertook independent searches of published peer-reviewed articles. The resulting articles were then combined, screened and collaboratively reviewed, the focus being on two areas of enquiry: 1) How learning is represented and discussed;2) The extent to which observation is described and used to capture evidence of learning.• Findings -The literature review indicated that there was no universally held understanding of, or explanation for, the process of observation, how it should be conducted, and who or what should be the principal focus of attention. There was also a lack of clarity in the definition of learning and the use of learning theory to support these observations.• Research limitations -This study was limited to a review of a selection of peerreviewed journal articles, published in English. It arrives at some tentative conclusions, but its scope could have been broadened to include more articles and other types of published material e.g. theses and book chapters.• Practical implications -Research that investigates the use of LS in ITE needs to be more explicit about how learning is defined and observed. Furthermore, LS research papers need to assure greater clarity and transparency about how observations are conducted in their studies.
2• Originality/Value -This literature review suggests that discussion of both learning and observation in ITE lesson study research papers should be strengthened. The review highlights three principal challenges that ITE LS researchers should consider: a) how to prepare student-teachers to observe (professional noticing being a promising option), b) the wide variation in the focus of classroom observation in ITE lesson studies c) discussion of what is understood by learning needs to stand at the heart of preparation for lesson studies in ITE.
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