Both natural and adaptive immune responses were found to be strikingly decreased 2 weeks after injury in 54 spinal cord injury and stroke patients, i.e., 28 quadriplegics, 21 paraplegics and 5 stroke patients, compared with those of age-matched controls. All values are expressed as means. Natural-killer (NK)-cell function decreased to 21.0% 2 weeks after spinal cord injury compared with 48.6% in controls. At 2 weeks, plasma ACTH values increased to 17.0 pg/ ml in patients compared with 11.2 pg/ml in controls, and urine free cortisol levels were elevated to 162.4 µg/24 h in patients compared with 53.6 µg/24 h in controls. T-cell function decreased to 40.2% of normal (lymphocyte transformation) by 3 months after injury. T-cell activation (IL-2R) was diminished, i.e., 183.4 µg/ml compared with 328.2 µg/ml in controls. With rehabilitation therapy, NK-cell function increased to 41.6% by 7 months after injury. NK-cell-mediated lysis diminished sharply between 7 and 9 months, decreasing to 22.8% at 10 months and ultimately returning to the level seen 2 weeks after injury. Rehabilitation therapy contributed to the restoration of T-cell function to 92.0% of normal by 6 months after injury where it remained for 6+ months. IL·2R values improved in parallel with lymphocyte transformation. Whereas NK-cell-induced lysis remained depressed, i.e., 11.8% at 6 months and 11.4% at 12+ months in patients not receiving therapy, the restoration of NK-cell function at 6 months to 40.6% in rehabilitated patients decreased to 23.0% with cessation of treatment. NK-cell-mediated lysis values in cervical injury patients were significantly less than those in the thoracic injury group. Functional independence measurement (FIM) scores of the two paralleled their NK-cell function. With rehabilitation therapy, NK-cell-mediated lysis in the cervical group increased from 15.2 to 28.4%, whereas it improved in the thoracic group with therapy from 26.8 to 43.7%. With rehabilitation therapy, lymphocyte transformation in the cervical group increased from 37.3 to 85.6% and improved in the thoracic group from 48.4 to 88.9%. With rehabilitation therapy, FIM scores improved from 49.7 to 74.0 in the cervical group and from 79.8 to 97.3 in thoracic patients compared with 126 in controls. NK-cell-mediated lysis was depressed to 28.9% in 5 stroke patients and improved to 38.0% following rehabilitation therapy.

381general unit operations equipment such as filter presses, pumps, and centrifugals, which can be adapted to almost any unit process. Here the fundamental chemical changes are initially applied and the equipment is checked for proper design and adaptability to the economic factors of a specific industry.To stimulate further research and also to enable practicing chemical engineers to make better use of the present state of knowledge, INDUSTRIAL AND ENG~NEERINQ CHEMISTRY is now organizing a yearly review of unit processes, the first of which is scheduled to appear in the early fall. This presentation will be by a group of men experienced in the particular unit process dis-THE data presented here show that, by operating at the proper conditions, 2-nitropropane can be nitrated with nitric acid to give 2,2-dinitropropaneY a valuable combustion modifier for Diesel fuels. Optimum conditions are: pressure, 990 to 1200 pounds per sqpare inoh; temperature, 400' to 450' F. (204-232' C.); molar ratio, 1 mole of nitric acid to 1 mole of 2-nitropropane when using 70% nitric acid; space velocity, 1.0. Conversions per pass of 11 to 14 mole YO of the 2-nitropropane charged are obtained under these conditions with ultimate yields above 50%. For commercial exploitation more detailed yield and corrosion data are necessary.H E observation that 2,2-dinitropropane is an extremely T effective combustion modifier for Diesel fuels (6, 6) stimulated efforts to find a direct and economical method for its preparation. The recent commercial availability of 2-nitropropane made it appear a likely starting material for the synthesis of 2,2-dinitropropane. This paper presents data on a process for the production of 2,2-dinitropropane from 2;nitropropane.The vapor phase nitration of paraffin hydrocarbons as reported by Hass and co-workers ( 1 , s ) produces all possible mononitro pro'ducts of the starting paraffin plus all the mononitro products of a degradation series of the paraffin. However, substantially no polynitro paraffins are produced.Urbanski and Slon (7) nitrated propane with nitrogen tetroxide at'temperatures above 100' C. They report the formation of 1-nitropropane (boiling point indicates it was fl-nitropropane) and 1,3-dinitropropane but no 2,2-dinitropropane. Hass, Dorsky, and Hodge (9) nitrated propane a t 248' C. with nitrogen dioxide. Although various mononitro paraffins were produced, no polynitro paraffins were formed.Konowalow (4) states that dinitro compounds might be formed by the action of nitric acid on mononitro compounds but restricted his work to compounds having more than five carbon atoms. Gem-dinitro compounds were not among the dinitro compounds described by him.Since vapor phase nitration produced cracking as shown by = that nitration at a lower temperature would be necessary t o preserve the length of the carbon chain. It also appeared advisable t o maintain a 1.iquid phase or a borderline liquid-vapor phase by the use of elevated pressures, as liquid-phase nitration seems t o favor polynitration.The preliminar...

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