Cationisation of cotton is emerging as an effective tool that may help to solve the environmental problems associated with the dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes. The efficiency of the cationising agent CA200 has been investigated and was found to be more effective when compared with the usual method for reactive dyeing of cotton. Pretreatment of the cotton fabric with the cationising agent increases the rate of dyeing compared with the existing method of reactive dyeing. The colour yields, in terms of the Kubelka–Munk values as a function of the amount of dye fixed, showed that cationisation enhances the colour strength. It also improves the washing fastness, rubbing fastness and depth of shade. The positive environmental impact of this cationisation process is significant and the cationised cotton shows a similar fabric quality as with the normal dyeing process.
The viscosity of potassium chloride in a mixture of poly(vinyl alcohol) and water (1.0 g‚L -1 to 5.0 g‚L -1 ) was measured at different concentrations of the solute (1.0 × 10 -2 to 9.0 × 10 -2 ) mol‚dm -3 at various temperatures ranging from 303 K to 323 K at intervals of 5 K. Ionic interactions in terms of Jones-Dole coefficients A and B were interpreted as a function of salt concentration, polymer concentration, and temperature. The negative values of the B-coefficient led to the conclusion that potassium chloride solution in aqueous polyvinyl alcohol behaves as a structure maker.
The objective of the present study was to develop a once-daily sustained-release (SR) matrix tablet of famotidine. Nine different formulations (F1-F9) were prepared by direct compression method using Avicel PH101 as filler/binder in the range of 41-27% in F1-F3, 18-22% in F4-F7, and 16-18% in F8-F9 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (4,000 cps) as hydrophilic matrix was used in F1-F3 from 19% to 30%, around 40% in F4-F7, and 42-45% in F8-F9. Talc and Aerosil were added in the ratio of 0.7-1.2%. The tablets were subjected to various physical parameters including weight variation test, hardness, thickness, diameter, friability, and in vitro release studies. Assay was also performed according to the USP 30 NF 25 procedure. The results of the physical parameters and assay were found to be within the acceptable range. In vitro dissolution results indicated that formulation F4-F7, having around 40% of rate control polymer, produced a SR pattern throughout 24 h. F1-F3 showed drug release at a faster rate, while F8-F9 released much slower, i.e., <80% in 24 h. Model-dependent and model-independent methods were used for data analysis and the best results were observed for F4 in zero order (r(2) = 0.984) and F6 in Korsmeyer and Higuchi (r(2) = 0.992 and 0.988). The parameter n indicated anomalous diffusion, while beta in Weibull showed a parabolic curve with higher initial slope. The f(2) similarity test was performed taking F4 as a reference formulation. Only the F5-F7 formulations were similar to the reference formulation F4. The mean dissolution time was around 10 h for the successful formulation.
The effects of conventional and microwave heating on the oxidative properties of corn and soybean oil were evaluated. The results showed that acid value, peroxide value, oxidative indices, total oxidation value, and p-anisidine values changed significantly with the rise in temperature (p < 0.05). The peroxide and p-anisidine values for corn oil (PV: 50.670 meqO2/kg, p-AV: 8.248) were greater than soybean oil (PV: 41.694 meqO2/kg, p-AV: 7.566) for conventional heating. The peroxide and p-anisidine values for soybean oil (PV: 6.545 meqO2/kg, p-AV: 76.539) were greater compared to corn oil (PV: 5.074 meqO2/kg, p-AV: 65.360) for microwave heating. The results concluded that microwave heating had a greater impact on the chemical degradation of the fatty acids of the oil. The FT-IR spectra showed peak changes at 3743 cm-1 and 1739 cm-1 and confirmed the rancidity of the oils from microwave heating due to the formation of secondary oxidation products. It was concluded that corn oil showed more oxidative changes compared to soybean oil.
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