Kojic acid is organic acid obtained from numerous species of Aspergillus through fermentation.This is among most demanding substances in cosmetic industries as an alternate to carcinogenic Hydroquinone and has grabbed a vital position in Pharmaceuticals, Food and Agriculture industries. Current experimental approach was designed for production and purification of Kojic acid crystals from A. flavusand A.oryzae and measured the effects of pH, temperature, static and non-static (shaker) condition on Kojic acid yield in submergedfermentation. Significant yield of Kojic acid crystal was obtained by A. flavusas compared to A. oryzae. Optimized conditions were pH 4.5 for (A. flavus) and 3.5 for (A. oryzae) at 30 0Cwith 20 days of incubation. High yield of Kojic acid crystals were produced under static condition (16 g/L in A. flavusand 11 g/L in A.oryzae) in contrast to non- static (shaker) conditions (6 g/L in A. flavusand 5 g/L in A. oryzae). Quantitative estimation of Kojic acid was done through Bentley’s colorimetric method followed by TLC, FTIR and HPLC. This analysis was found successful after achieving the high yield of Kojic acid under optimized conditions.
Lipases are enzymes commonly used in industry. This study describes the production of lipolytic enzyme via a newly isolated strain of Aspergillus oryzae under a submerged fermentation process. Five strains of A. oryzae were isolated from oil-contaminated soil and water as well as dead decaying organic matter. Qualitative screening revealed that A. oryzae RBM4 strain was a lipase producer, and the process was optimized for enhanced production. Incubation time, incubation temperature, initial pH, use of agricultural by-products, nitrogen sources, and substrates were tested. The results revealed that initial pH 5.5(12.7 U/mL/min) in 72 h (19.39 U/mL/min) at 30 °C (27.40 U/mL/min) sorghum (35.66 U/mL/min), NaNO3 (17% more than blank), yeast extract (47.95 U/mL/min), and Shan ghee (58.12 U/mL/min) were the best conditions. Extracellular lipase production was increased up to 78% by applying all the above conditions.
Aims: Organ toxicity results from the accumulation of toxic substances in the organs which ultimately culminates in failure of the organ. Allopathic medications are not very effective in organ protection. Hence, it is imperative that a natural and safer organoprotective agent should be found. Study Design: To assess the organoprotective effect of Aloe vera gel against STZ for renal, hepato and pancreatic toxicity in albino Wistar rats. Place and Duration of Study: Whole work had been completed at the Microbiology and Molecular biology labs of IMBB, The University of Lahore during 2019- 2020. Methodology: Organoprotective ability of different doses of ethanolic extracts of Aloe vera (A. vera) gel was evaluated against intraperitoneal induction of 55mg/kg Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced pancreatic, renal and hepatic toxicity in female albino Wistar rats by keeping metformin (100mg/kg) as a positive protective control. Results: Results revealed that 200 mg/kg ethanolic extracts of A. vera gel showed significant organoprotection as ALT (57.5±7.45I U/L), AST (39.8±3.45I U/L), ALP (438±103I U/L), urea (74.1±8.71mg/dl), creatinine (0.688±0.146 mg/dl), amylase (1247±75 U/L) and lipase (16.6±2.02 U/L) were significantly less than organotoxic control [ALT (103±7.23I U/L), AST (237±12.7I U/L), ALP (2092±195 U/L), Urea (153±18.6mg/dl), Creatinine (1.54±0.262 mg/dl), amylase (675±83 U/L) and lipase (12.2±1.04 U/L)], and these results were near or equal to organoprotective control [ALT (71.6±8.98I U/L), AST (121±28.1 U/L), ALP (916±103 U/L), urea (115±11.4mg/dl), creatinine (1.14±0.226 mg/dl), amylase (667±80 U/L) and lipase (16.6±2.02 U/L)]. The histopathological analysis also highlighted more organoprotection at this concentration as compared to other doses of extract. Conclusion: A. vera gel extract is an able organoprotective agent. This extract can be studied further for its active ingredients as a source of hepatoprotective and nephroprotective agents.
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