Treating various types of malocclusion is dependant on providing a secure anchorage. In this context, it has been shown that teeth, intramaxillary, and/or extraoral appliances are required to achieve favorable outcomes regarding anchorage treatment. A Temporary anchorage device (TAD) has been introduced in the literature in this context. It has been described as a temporary device that can be used after completing treatment. The aim of the study was to review the indications and uses of TADs in orthodontic treatment. The current evidence shows that introducing TADs in the field of orthodontic treatment has been associated with favorable outcomes that encountered the previous multiple challenges reported with the conventional anchorage approaches. Contemporary orthodontic settings reported various uses for TADs, including corrections in transverse, vertical, and anteroposterior dimensions. Combined use of TADs and conventional approaches were also evaluated with favorable outcomes. These findings indicate the validity of TADs in orthodontic treatment and call for its future implications and clinical applications. However, it should be noted that post-treatment evaluation on a long-term basis was not adequately reported in the current literature, indicating the need for future investigations for further validation.
Orthodontic treatment is usually approached to achieve better aesthetics by influencing tooth movement in different positions within the jaw. The application of mechanical forces during the process of treatment is the main responsible for these events. Remarkable changes in the vascularity of the underlying tissues were also reported to occur secondary to applying orthodontic forces. This significantly leads to the synthesis and release of many metabolites and signaling molecules. Furthermore, it might be associated with various immunological and physiological responses that enhance or deteriorate the prognosis. Therefore, the present study reviewed the literature to identify the different immunological and physiological responses secondary to orthodontic treatment. Our findings indicate that different immune cells and immunoglobulins are usually involved in orthodontic treatment-related events. Moreover, we found that cytokines and chemokines have an important role in the post-treatment inflammatory process, leading to bone resorption or bone formation. Various cytokines were reported in this context, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-13, IL-12, IL-8, IL-6, and IL-1β. The roles of these modalities have been discussed based on their effects on bone remodeling following orthodontic treatment.
Since 1914, when Ottolengui first described it, dentists and patients have been tormented with root resorption, an unwanted but typical sequence of orthodontic mechanotherapeutics. It has been demonstrated that among other potentially hazardous chemicals, the orthodontic equipment employed has a considerable impact on root repair. The root repair process is highly linked to periodontal ligament necrosis damage. When intense orthodontic pressures are applied for an extended length of time, hyalinization of the underlying periodontal ligament can occur quickly. Protective leukocytes from periodontal ligament capillaries mix quickly with osteoclast progenitors to create cells with high-density genes capable of regenerating mineral tissue. External apical root repair begins when a protective layer of cementoblasts including the hyalinized periodontal ligament, dies, allowing odontoclasts to rebuild cement and teeth. Initially, a cemented protective layer is lost, exposing a green cement surface to odontoclastic assaults. On the other hand, the maxillary second premolar exhibited more excellent root rates in Asians than in Caucasians. The data were taken as evidence that specific races such as Asians were less likely than longer roots to be involved in root repair or were impacted by mutant morphology. In addition, radiographic examination of intermediate IOPAR therapy can detect at-risk teeth and suggest the necessity for appropriate rest to improve performance or anatomical structure. Treatment of afflicted individuals should be continued with caution and proper use of high-intensity light while avoiding movements linked with re-screening such as ingesting.
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