Two isoforms of creatine kinase (CK; ATP:creatine N-phosphotransferase, E.C. 2.7.3.2), brain type (BB-CK) and mitochondrial type (MiMi-CK), but not the muscle types (MM-or hybrid MB-CK), were identified by cellulose polyacetate electrophoresis and immunoblots in retina from adult chickens. Indirect immunofluorescence labeling of cryosections of retinas revealed high concentrations of BB-CK in both rod and cone photoreceptor cells. Most of the fluorescence staining with anti-B-CK antibodies was found within the myoid and the ellipsoid portions of inner segments and the peripheral region of the outer segments. Significant staining with anti-B-CK antibodies was also found in horizontal cells and in the optical nerve fibers, with additional stratified staining in the inner plexiform layer. MiMi-CK was solely demonstrated in the ellipsoid portion of the photoreceptor cells. The presence of high concentrations of compartmentalized CK isoenzymes within photoreceptor cells (%3O enzyme units/mg) as well as the relatively high concentration of total creatine in these cells (-1-15 mM) indicates an important physiological function for CK and phosphocreatine in the energy transduction of vision.In skeletal and heart muscle, some of the creatine kinase (CK; ATP:creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2) has been found to be localized in an isoenzyme-specific way at different subcellular structures or in different compartments-e.g., in the myofibrillar M-band, on the sarcoplasmic reticulum, on the plasma membrane, and within the mitochondria (for review, see refs. 1-3). It is thought that at these different locations, CK represents an ATP-regenerating system functionally coupled to microcompartments that require high local ATP/ADP ratios and immediate replenishment and supply of ATP-e.g., the actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase of myosin, the sarcoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase, or the sarcolemmal Na+/K +-ATPase, all being sites of high energy consumption. The soluble part of the muscle isozyme (MM-CK) and of the mitochondrial isoform (MiMi-CK) are thought to be functionally coupled to the ATP-producing systems of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, respectively (3). The microcompartmentation of CK at these sites allows rapid transfer of metabolically active ATP into phosphocreatine, which represents a storage as well as a transport form of energy-rich phosphate. Thus, the sites of high energy requirement and energy production are thought to communicate by a phosphocreatine-shuttle (1-5)-a model that has gained increasing support also by recent experiments using novel phosphorus NMR techniques with high resolution at a faster time scale (6). In order to find out whether the phosphocreatine shuttle is a general metabolic feature of tissues with immediate high energy requirements, as has been postulated for muscle (7), electric organ of Torpedo marmorata (8), and sperm cells from sea urchin (9), chicken, and man (10), we studied the distribution of CK in chicken retina. A study by Dontsov et al. (11) indicated the presence of CK acti...
A description is given of a PVC‐container installation which allows the determination of plant yield as well as the measurement of water flow. The single containers with 600–700 kg soil are transportable by means of a fork‐lift truck or similar vehicle. Information is given on the insulation and the heating unit (overwintering) of the container as well as on the elimination of border effects, fluctuations in soil temperature etc. An example of practical use, a trial with 48 units with the aim of evaluating the BNF (closed system) of faba beans in a rotation, is described. Detailed instructions (English, French, German) for constructing the container unit are available from the authors.
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