Abstract.The 3 ] expected at the end of the century, the calcification rates of these two species are projected to be 6 to 13% lower than the present conditions, while the final shell weights are reduced by 20 to 27% for O. universa and by 4 to 6% for G. sacculifer. These results indicate that ocean acidification would impact on calcite production by foraminifera and may decrease the calcite flux contribution from these organisms.
In order to investigate the interindividual and ontogenetic effects on Mg and Sr incorporation, magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) and strontium/calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios of cultured planktonic foraminifera have been determined. Specimens of Globigerinoides sacculifer were grown under controlled physical and chemical seawater conditions in the laboratory. By using this approach, we minimised the effect of potential environmental variability on Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios. Whereas temperature is the overriding control of Mg/Ca ratios, the interindividual variability observed in the Mg/Ca values contributes 2-3°C to the apparent temperature variance. Interindividual variability in Sr/Ca ratios is much smaller than that observed in Mg/Ca values. The variability due to ontogeny corresponds to À0.43 mmol/mol of Mg/Ca ratio per chamber added. This translates into an apparent decrease of $1°C in Mg/Ca-based temperature per ontogenetic (chamber) stage. No significant ontogenetic effect is observed on Sr incorporation. We conclude that the presence of a significant ontogenetic effect on Mg incorporation can potentially offset Mg/Ca-based temperature reconstructions. We propose two new empirical Mg/Ca-temperature equation based on Mg/Ca measurements of the last four ontogenetic (chamber) stages and whole foraminiferal test: Mg/Ca = (0.55(±0.03) À 0.0002(±4 Â 10 À5 ) MSD) e 0.089T and, Mg/Ca = (0.55(±0.03) À 0.0001(±2 Â 10 À5 ) MSD) e 0.089T , respectively, where MSD corresponds to the maximum shell diameter of the individual.
Abstract. The effect of carbonate ion concentration ([CO32−]) on calcification rates estimated from shell size and weight was investigated in the planktonic foraminifera Orbulina universa and Globigerinoides sacculifer. Experiments on G. sacculifer were conducted under two irradiance levels (35 and 335 μmol photons m−2 s−1). Calcification was ca. 30% lower under low light than under high light, irrespective of the [CO32−]. Both O. universa and G. sacculifer exhibited reduced final shell weight and calcification rate under low [CO32−]. At the [CO32−] expected for the end of the century, the calcification rates of these two species are projected to be 6 to 13% lower than at present conditions, while the final shell weights are reduced by 20 to 27% for O. universa and by 4 to 6% for G. sacculifer. These results indicate that ocean acidification would impact calcite production by foraminifera and may decrease the calcite flux contribution from these organisms.
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