This article reports on an exploratory study of medical cannabis users. Interviews were completed with 50 self-identified medical cannabis users recruited through notices in newspapers and on bulletin boards. They reported using cannabis for a variety of conditions including HIV-AIDS-related problems, chronic pain, depression, anxiety, menstrual cramps, migraine, narcotic addiction as well as everyday aches, pains, stresses and sleeping difficulties. A majority also used cannabis for recreational purposes, and many were longer-term cannabis users. However, there were some notable exceptions. Almost all smoked cannabis and many did so two to three times a day. Few admitted negative experiences with cannabis, although some problems evident to the researchers were not clearly admitted. Those who told their doctors about their medical cannabis use found doctors noncommittal or supportive. The results raise questions about the definition of medical cannabis use and about policies that might be developed to accommodate such use. Limitations of the study are noted and further research suggested. Research priorities include population surveys, studies involving larger, more representative samples of medical cannabis users and studies of medical cannabis use among people with HIV-AIDS.

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the effects of beer, wine and spirits on the behavioral consequences of alcohol consumption. Method: The methods involve library research and analysis of the various published articles relating to experimental and survey studies of different effects. Results: The major results indicate that (1) after spirits consumption blood alcohol concentrations rise more quickly than after beer; (2) for most behavioral tasks beer creates less impairment than brandy at the same dose levels; (3) brandy also leads to more emotional and aggressive responses; (4) those who drink beer or beer and spirits have more alcohol-related problems than others; and (5) beer drinkers are more likely than others to drink and drive, to be arrested for drinking-driving and to be in alcohol-related accidents. Conclusions: It appears that beer and spirits lead to greater problems than does wine consumption. However, there is a need for more studies of women and confirmed drinkers of various beverages. There is also a need to study the effects of wine consumption on behavioral impairment. Lastly, there is a need to determine if there is a beer-drinking culture which supports heavy drinking and driving after drinking. (J.

The purpose of this study was to examine the types of bias operating in the selection of •objects for psychological research with humans. A secondary purpose was to examine the effects of these biases on the generality and significance of findings in the most biased research areas. The Journal of Experimental Psychology and the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology for recent years were examined. It was found that 73% of the articles in the J-A.S.P. and 85.7% of the articles in the J.E.P. used college students, chiefly male students enrolled in introductory psychology. Use of the general adult population or even samples representing particular sectors of that population is very rare in J.A.S.P., and not found at all in the J.E.P. It was pointed out that the college population differs markedly from the adult non-college population in many characteristics which are associated with psychological factors, e.g. age, social class, learning ability. It is concluded that the male college student has become the "white rat" of human experimentation and that a broadening of the bases for selecting subjects for experiments is in order. RisumiExamen des types de biais a l'oeuvre dans la selection des sujets (humains) sur lesqueb porte le recherche psychologique et analyse des effets produits par ce facteur sur la generality et h signification des resultats obtenus dans les secteurs de recherche les plus biaises. L'examen 4a Journal el experimental psychology et du Journal of abnormal and social psyckoloiy des annees recentes revile que 73% des travaux publics dans le J.A.S.P. et 85.7% des travaux publics dans le JJE-P. portent sur des etudiants de niveau collegial, surtout sur des etudiants masculins inscrits au corns d'initiation a la psychologic Tres rates sont les etudes du J.A.S.P.-il ne s'en trouve absohnnent aucune dans le J.E.P.-qui portent sur une population generate adulte, ou mSme sur des echantuions de secteurs particuliers d'une telle population. Le fait est souligne que la population de niveau collegial differe sensiblement de la population adulte de niveau non-collegial sur plusieurs points lies a des facteurs d'ordre psychologique (v.g. age, rang social, capacite d'apprentissage). L'eiudiant masculin de niveau collegial serait done devenu, pour ainsi dire le "rat blanc" da travail experimental effectue chez des humains et 0 faudrait elargir les entires president a la •election des sujets d'exptrience.

The purposes of this study were to determine the proportion of papers which contain negative results (results which fail to reject the null hypothesis), and whether there is some selection in the papers published such that negative results are unlikely to be published. An examination of current psychological journals indicated that studies with negative results constitute about 9 per cent of the total volume of published papers. However, data from several unpublished sources indicate that negative results are less likely to be published. The reasons for their neglect -chiefly author selection and the greater editorial scrutiny they get -were presented. The practical, statistical and heuristic value of negative results was also discussed. L'Importance des resultats nSgatifs dans la recherche psychologique. Les intentions de cette Itude etaient de determiner la proportion des eludes qui contiennent les resultats negatifs (les resultats qui manquent de rejeter l'hypothese nulle), et s'il y a un choix dans les papiers publies de sorte que les resultats negatifs ne seront pas probablement publies. Un examen des journaux psychologiques courants indiquait que les etudes aux resultats negatifs constituent neuf pour cent environ du volume total des papiers publies. Cependant, les donnees trouvees dans beaucoup de sources infidites indiquent qu'il est moins probable que Ton publie les resultats negatifs. Les raisons pour cette negligence -principalement, le choix de l'auteur et la verification d'£diteur plus extensive qu'ils recoivent -daient presences. La valeur pratique, statistique et thebrique des resultats negatifs etait discutee aussi.A common saying among graduate students in the days before analysis of variance was "cr.'s of three or no Ph.D." Despite the doubtful validity of this jibe at graduate school policy on negative results the reader of modern psychological journals cannot fail to be impressed with the large number of positive results reported. In article after article one notes that the author has formulated and tested hypotheses and almost invariably found statistical support for them. Despite the importance of negative results in any science, their absence in psychological journals has rarely been noted or commented upon.The only data on the proportions of negative results reported have been assembled by Sterling (1959) who reviewed research in four commonly read psychological journals. 3 He found that only 8 out of 294 research papers failed to confirm the experimental hypotheses. This would be less than 3 per cent whereas about 5 per cent would be expected in view of the commonly used .05 level of probability for conferring "significance". The 5 per cent which Sterling anticipated would be valid expectation only if it were assumed that psychologists are always working with "true" experimental hypotheses, and that re-The author wishes to thank Mr. R. E. Popham, Dr. W. Schmidt, and Professors J. R. Seeley and R. J. Gibbins for their comments on this paper.

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