Institute of IchthyologyIn the experimental way methemoglobinemia was caused to occur in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Rich., 1836 by keeping the fishes for 11 weeks in Ca(N0 3 ) 2 and KN0 3 solutions, the N0 3 doses in which being 26.2 mg/1 and 30.6 mg/1, respectively.At the ·same time measurements of the hepatic tissue respiration rate, histopathologic studies of liver as well as examination of the peripheral blood and hematopoietic organs were carried out.Marked changes which eventually could be lethal were found out. INTRODUCTIONMore and more frequent reports on the deleterious effect of nitrates contained in drinkable water on the man's health (Schaefer, 1970and others)tumedour attention to a possible relation of the problem to fish. Thus an experiment on rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Rich., 1836 was planned and carried out; the results are presented herein;The whole experiment· was based on 50 mg/1 nitrate dose corresponding with 26.2 mg N0 3 /1 for Ca/N0 3 /2 •4H2 0 = 236.16 and 30.6 mg N0 3 /i forKN03 = 101.1. The · WHO -allowtld N0 3 dos� .in drinkable water is 50 mg/1 (Schaefer, 1970).The. following authors are responsible for the present report: E. Grabda, general principles and the histopathologic studies; T. Einszpom-Orecka, hematology; C. Fel:inska, the methemoglobin level determinations; R. Zbanyszek, the hepatic tissue respiration metabolism. 44Eugeniusz Grabda i wsp. METHODS60 two-years old individuals of rainbow trout measuring 18/20 -23/26 cm (L.c./L.t.) and weighing 73-155 g (only a few of them of weight below 90 g) taken from the same hatchery were subject to experiments.The experiments were carried out simultaneously in 3 tanks: two of 400 1 effective capacity each, the remaining one of 230 l. The fishes were divided into 3 groups of 20 individua ls per tank. Tank ,,A" ( 400 1) filled with clean tap water was a control. 50 mg/I of calcium nitrate c.p., Ca/N0 3 / 2 ·4H 2 0 and pure potassium nitrate, KN03 were added to water of tanks ,,B" ( 400 l) and ,,C" (230 1). respectively. The three tanks contained normal drinkable tap water. To ensure possibly equal nitrate concentrations the water was changed every 1-2 days (in exceptional cases every third -in the final stage of experiments) instead of applying the water flow. Usually such a change was accomplished after feeding. The fishes were fed on frozen cod supplemented, when necessary, with a granulated food normally used in the hatchery. The artificial food was given only exceptionally and could not influence the course of experiments. The water was constantly aerated with an electric aerator, the action being doubled in the smaller tank to compensate for losses resulting from a greater fish density there.Doses of 50 mg/1 pure salts were used, the fresh solution being prepared after each water change in the experimental tanks. To adapt the fish organisms the doses were gradually increased during the first three days.At the beginning of the experiment, water temperature was approximately 15°C, decreasing to 11 °C on completing. The oxygen ...
Two salmon smolt barge transport experiments were conducted to measure tissue trace element selenium (Se) loss during the 30 h transport 500 km downriver past seven hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River. Carcass Se was measured before and after the barge trip. Liver glutathione peroxidase (GTPX) activity and total ascorbate concentrations were assayed to correlate Se loss with GTPX levels. Hatchery-reared smolt chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), were tested before and after barging. Liver ascorbate concentrations, measured by highperformance liquid chromatography techniques, showed levels adequate to support GTPX activity. Salmon smolts lost up to 20% of carcass tissue Se during the 30 h barge con¢nement. Selenium was analysed by analytical polarography. Samples collected after two barging episodes showed Se loss and concomitant elevated liver GTPX activity after the transport. Tissue Se loss may be useful to measure stress in ¢sh, and increasing tissue Se in hatchery salmon smolts prior to release and transport may be warranted.
We evaluated the relative sensitivities of two cell systems (rabbit kidney [RK] and human diploid fibroblast [DF; human embryonic tonsil]) in standard tube cultures versus DF cells in a 48-well microtiter plate system for the detection of both symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. At least one system isolated HSV in 111 of 809 specimens (13.7%). HSV was isolated in RK tube cultures from 110 specimens (99%), in DF tube cultures from 91 specimens (82%), and in DF microtiter plates from 95 specimens (86%). The frequency of HSV isolation varied with the anatomic site and the presence or absence of a herpetic lesion. The sensitivities of the three culture systems remained similar whether the specimens were obtained from lesions or whether the specimens were taken to determine if asymptomatic excretion of HSV was present. While RK tube cultures were more sensitive than DF tube cultures, the DF microtiter plate system was as sensitive as DF tube cultures and its use is supported as a cheaper and less labor-intensive method for the detection of HSV.
Rainbow trout were exposed to a model mixture of water-soluble aromatic hydrocarbons (AH) at concentrations of0.3-15.2 ppm for periods of 1-72 h. None of the parameters monitored except RBC changed at 0.3 ppm AH, while all constituents, except blood glucose, changed at 7.2 ppm AH. At 15.2 ppm, all fish died within I h. Haematological changes included increased haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte counts, and blood clotting (prothrombin) times. Plasma CI-concentration decreased significantly. Changes resembled a stress response except for the increased clotting times, which typically decrease, and lack of increase in blood glucose.
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