Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) has been considered as an attractive candidate to replace Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks. GFDM system has better spectral characteristics compared to the OFDM system due to the use of properly selected pulse shaping filters. Non-causal ideal filters, such as the raised cosine (RC), are commonly used in the GFDM systems. In practical implementation, non-causal filters need to be truncated and shifted, which will increase the out-of-band (OOB) radiation of the signal and will introduce delay to the system. High OOB radiation will cause interferences between the adjacent channels, thus it should be minimized. This paper proposes to minimize the OOB radiation of the GFDM system using the designed pulse shaping filters. The pulse shaping filters are designed using the computationally efficient quadratic programming (QP) approach. Numerical results illustrate that OOB radiation level of the GFDM system is lower when the QP filters are used compared to the conventional RC filter. Further investigation shows that the use of the QP filters are efficient in increasing the high power amplifier (HPA) efficiency, improving the spectral efficiency, and reducing the BER at the receiver.
The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has forced the teaching and learning activities to be conducted remotely. Before the pandemic, many academic institutions had offered online distance learning for selected courses. However, in practice, most of these programs were delivered as blended learning program instead of a full-fledged distance learning program. Distance learning programs faced challenges and limitations in terms of communication, integrity, and interactions compared to the traditional face-to-face teaching and learning method. Despite the challenges and limitations in distance teaching and learnings, academic staff are expected to accomplish the same (or better) outcomes than the traditional face-to-face teaching and learning. Hence, distance learning method was not popular to many academic staff and students before the pandemic time. In order to improve the quality of the full distance learning delivery, emerging technologies and more interactive platforms are being developed rapidly. This article discusses the emerging technologies and strategies to make full distance learning or remote education competitive compared to the traditional teaching and learning method. The future potential teaching and learning technology, i.e., digital twins, is also briefly presented.
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