The production of plastic packing grows worldwide, resulting in the accumulation of these materials in the environment due to improper disposal and problems related to degradation. Alternatively, composites produced with agricultural residues and filamentous fungi may exhibit physical and mechanical properties similar to or greater than expanded polystyrene, depending on the fungal species and substrate of the cultivation. In the literature, no reports were found on the use of coconut powder and edible fungi of white rot in the mechanical properties of composites. Thus, the objective of this work was to select fungal isolates and to evaluate the period of cultivation in the mechanical resistance of composites produced in coconut powder supplemented with wheat bran. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme corresponding to the cultivation of five edible fungal isolates (Pleurotus ostreatus: POS-W, POS-SP1, POS-98/38; Pleurotus eryngii: POS ER and Pycnoporus sanguineus: PS) and three culture periods after complete colonization of the substrate (15, 30 and 45 days), with four replications. The period of cultivation of the fungal isolates may influence in the composite mass loss and volume loss. The compressive strength and tenacity of the composite are influenced by the fungal isolate and the time of cultivation. The isolates of Pycnoporus sanguineus, Pleurotus ostreatus and P. eryngii present potential characteristics for the production of biodegradable composites.

Temperature is one of the main factors affecting mushrooms development and introduction in new areas. Effects of temperature (15ºC and 28ºC) and luminosity (120 and 900 lux) were evaluated for eight P. ostreatus strains in relation to precocity, yield, pileus area, stalk formation pattern, coloration and handling resistance. Genetic variability of strains was analysed by the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. The Pos 98/37 strain was the only to yield white pileus at 28ºC - 900 lux, and grey ones at 15ºC and 120 lux. The Pos 96/05 strain, the latest, produced lead-coloured pileus at 15ºC, as did the remaining strains at this temperature. Strains cultivated at 15ºC did not differ in relation to handling resistance. At 28ºC mushrooms were less resistant. In relation to yield, the Pos 98/38 strain was significantly more efficient. The Pos 98/37 strain, at 28ºC, as compared to the same strain at 15ºC, was more efficient and had an asymmetric stalk formation pattern. Among strains cultivated at 15ºC, the stalk formation pattern was symmetric, except for the Pos 97/15 and Pos 97/17 strains. Molecular characterization of the Pos 98/37 strain was 30% similar to the remaining strains. The temperature of fructification and luminosity influence the induction and development of the isolates.

The demand for biodegradable composite has grown worldwide in recent years, mainly in order to reduce environmental contamination by structural materials produced from the oil industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of isolates from the edible mushroom “Shiitake” (Lentinula edodes) in substrate coconut powder-based supplemented with wheat bran, as well as to analyze the influence of fungi growing period and drying time of the colonized substrate on the mechanical properties of the composite, in order to produce a biodegradable composite. The mycelial density is not influenced by the type of hyphae of L. edodes. Drying of the composite does not influence the residual odor, depending on the isolate. The compressive strength and foam type of the fungal composite may be influenced by the culture period and type of hyphae, depending on the fungal isolate. The composites colonized by the L. edodes isolates presented higher mechanical resistance at 30 days of complete colonization. The coconut powder supplemented with wheat bran colonized by isolated fungi LED 96/18 is an ecological alternative in the packaging production considering its mechanical properties.

Brazilian reports on Shiitake mushroom [Lentinula edodes (Berkeley) Pegler] productivity grown on Eucalyptus saligna (Sm.) logs are optimistic. The current production on this kind of wood is, however, low and variable. Aiming at increasing Shiitake mushroom productivity, the present work studied interactions among three concentrations of mineral supplement and three Shiitake strains (Le 95/01, 96/17 and 96/18) grown on seventh cut eucalyptus logs. Mineral fertilization was carried out when the logs were submerged in water to induce fruiting bodies, using the following saline concentrations: zero (no fertilizers added), 0.05% (equivalent to 0.35 g L -1 of ammonium sulfate with 18% nitrogen and 0.15 g L -1 of superphosphate with 34% phosphorus) and 0.50%. Fertilization of the Le 95/01 strain increased productivity, but logs inoculated with the Le 96/17 strain were more productive only at 0.05% concentration while in the Le 96/18 strain, mineral supplementation decreased in productivity. The radial growth of these Shiitake strains (in sawdust-agar medium and with the same saline concentrations used in the log experiment) showed that all strains reacted positively to fertilization and that positive results for the Le 95/01 strain and negative results for Le 96/18 on eucalyptus logs are due to the natural higher competitiveness of the first Le 95/01 in relation to the latter Le 96/18 strain. Mineral fertilization increases the productivity provided that the logs are well colonized by Shiitake mushrooms. Key words: Lentinula edodes, nitrogen, phosphorus SUPLEMENTAÇÃO MINERAL E PRODUTIVIDADE DE COGUMELO SHIITAKE EM TOROS DE EUCALIPTORESUMO: As estimativas de produtividade do cogumelo Shiitake no Brasil em eucalipto são otimistas mas, na prática, a produção nessa madeira é baixa e inconstante. Visando aumentar a produtividade do Shiitake, estudaram-se as interações entre doses de suplementação mineral, em relação a três linhagens do cogumelo (Le 95/01, 96/17 e 96/18) inoculadas em toros de eucalipto de sétimo corte. A suplementação mineral foi realizada na água de imersão dos toros, no momento de cada indução da frutificação, nas seguintes concentrações: 0,00% (sem adição de suplementos), 0,05% (sulfato de amônio, com 18% de nitrogênio solúvel em água, na dosagem 0,35 g L -1 e superfosfato triplo, com 34% de fósforo solúvel em água, na dosagem 0,15 g L -1) e na concentração 0,50% (correspondendo à dosagem dez vezes maior que a anterior). Houve aumento de produtividade na linhagem Le 95/01. Toros inoculados com Le 96/17 foram mais produtivos apenas na dose de 0,05% e, para a linhagem Le 96/18 a produtividade diminuiu com a suplementação. A avaliação do crescimento radial com essas linhagens (meio de cultura de serragem com as mesmas concentrações salinas utilizadas no experimento em toros) evidenciou que todas responderam positivamente à suplementação e que, as respostas positivas da linhagem Le 95/01 e negativa da Le 96/18 obtidas no cultivo em toros de eucalipto de sétimo corte, são reflexos da maior competit...

Avaliou-se a ocorrência de fungos em sementes de feijão empregadas no plantio, no Estado de Sergipe. Analisaram-se três genótipos (IPA 06, Badejo e Carioca Rajado) obtidos junto aos produtores do município de Simão Dias, SE e se utilizou o método do papel de filtro incubado sete dias, com uma amostra de 25 sementes com oito repetições, totalizando 200 sementes por cultivar. Observou-se, dentre os genótipos testados, que a maior incidência foi de Fusarium solani f. sp. solani (0,5 a 12,5%) e Rhizoctonia solani (1,0 a 39,5% AB S TR ACTThe occurrence of fungi in bean seeds from Sergipe state was evaluated. Three cultivars (IPA06, Badejo and Carioca Rajado) obtained from bean growers in the municipality of Simão Dias -SE were analyzed and tested using the blotter method, incubated for seven days, with a sample of 25 seeds with 8 replications, with a total of 200 seeds per cultivar. A high incidence of Fusarium solani f. sp. solani (0.5 a 12.5%) and Rhizoctonia solani (1.0 a 39.5%) in all cultivars was observed. Others pathogens of bean seeds like Cladosporium cladosporoides, Pythium sp., Sclerotium rolfsii e Phoma exigua var exigua e Sclerotium rolfsii were also identified, but with low indices. The presence of Penicillium sp. (0.5 a 10.0%) was observed in all cultivars and Aspergillus (14.5 a 97.5%) only in cultivars Badejo and Carioca Rajado

Vetiver grass is a member of the grass family Poaceae. Its fast development is probably due to the interaction with native microbiota, whose influence has not been studied yet. The objective of this work was to evaluate the colonization and development of the vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate endophytic fungi. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with six treatments (control, without mycorrhizal fungi, native inoculants, UFLA05 - Gigaspora albida, UFLA351 - Rhizoglomus clarum, UFLA372 - Claroideoglomus etunicatum, and UFLA401 - Acaulospora morrowiae), with three replicates each. Vetiver grass tillers as well as the native microbial inoculum were obtained from the Lower São Francisco river experimental area, located in Sergipe state, Northeastern Brazil. There was a negative interaction between all tested UFLAs mycorrhizal isolates and the native microbiota (mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi) in the treatments, especially when taking into consideration plant height and volume of roots. The effects of inoculation with UFLA isolates may have been influenced by the presence of the native mycorrhizal fungi and the dark septate endophytic fungi. Vetiver grass was responsive to the native inoculant. The mycorrhizal colonization of the vetiver grass was vesicular, but the formation of the arbuscules can be influenced by the interaction between the fungus, plant, and the environment.

A presença de patógenos pode comprometer a qualidade sanitária de sementes durante o armazenamento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a micoflora de sementes de feijão armazenadas no município de Simão Dias-SE. As sementes foram coletadas junto aos produtos locais e as variedades avaliadas foram IPA11, Carioca Rajado e Grafite. As sementes foram armazenadas em câmara fria, por 10 meses e realizados os testes de sanidade. Utilizou-se o método do papel de filtro, incubado por sete dias, com uma amostra de 25 sementes com oito repetições, totalizando 200 sementes por variedade. Houve maior incidência de Fusarium solani f. sp. solani (10,5 a 36,0%) e Rhizoctonia solani (7,0 a 33,0%) nas variedades IPA11 e Carioca Rajado. Outros patógenos como Alternaria alternata, Periconia sp., Phoma exigua var exigua e Sclerotium rolfsii também foram detectados, porém com índices baixos. Alternaria alternata sp. foi observado nas variedades IPA11 e Carioca Rajado (0,5%). Sclerotium rolfsii foi observado na variedade Grafite (0,5%) e Phoma sp. somente na variedade Carioca Rajado (0,5%). Dentre os fungos considerados de armazenamento foram observados Aspergillus sp. (0,5 a 2,0%) em todas as variedades e Penicillium sp. (0,5 a 13,5%) somente nas variedades IPA11 e Carioca Rajado.Palavras-chave: sementes de feijão, patologia de sementes, fungos Micoflora of common bean (Phaseolus vulgarius L.) seeds from Sergipe state AB S TR ACTSeeds infected by pathogens in a field can have their health altered during storage, because of viability loss. The objective of the present study was to verify the effect of storage of bean seeds on their health quality. Bean seeds of varieties IPA11, Carioca Rajado and Grafite were obtained from growers in the city of Simão Dias -SE. The seeds were stored in a cold chamber for ten months and then, seed health tests were performed. The bean seeds were analyzed by the blotter test method, incubated for seven days, with a sample of 25 seeds with 8 replications, with a total of 200 seeds for each variety. A high incidence of Fusarium solani f. sp. solani (10,5 a 36,0%) and Rhizoctonia solani (7,0 a 33,0%) in varieties IPA11 and Carioca Rajado was observed. Other pathogens of bean seeds like Alternaria alternata, Periconia sp., Phoma sp. and Sclerotium rolfsii has been identified, but with low rates. Alternaria alternata (0,5%) and Periconia sp. (0,5%) were observed in IPA11 and Carioca Rajado varieties. Sclerotium rolfsii was observed in Grafite variety (0,5%) and Phoma sp. was verified in Carioca Rajado (0,5%). Within the storage fungi, the presence of Aspergillus (0,5 a 2,0%) was observed in all varieties and Penicillium (0,5 a 14,0%) only in varieties IPA11 and Carioca Rajado.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the interaction of microorganisms and phosphorus dosages in the development of gliricidia. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments (control, native microbial inoculant, and four arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolates: UFLA05 -Gigaspora albida, UFLA351 -Rhizoglomus clarum, UFLA372 -Claroideoglomus etunicatum, and UFLA401 -Acaulospora morrowiae), with four replicates. The parameters evaluated were: height plant, the number of branches, shoot and root dry mass matter, root length and volume, leaf phosphorus, mycorrhizal colonization, the number of spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, the number of nodules of nitrogen fixing bacteria, and the presence of endophytic dark septate fungi, after 95 days of inoculation. The high mycorrhizal colonization of gliricidia does not guarantee an increase in biomass, which depends on the interaction of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, the endophytic dark septate fungi, the nitrogen fixing bacteria, and the endophytic bacteria. Gliricidia was responsive to the inoculation of the native microbiota, UFLA372 and UFLA401. Mycorrhizal colonization by UFLA401 was influenced by the presence of nitrogen fixing bacteria. Gliricidia was not responsive to the inoculation of UFLA05 and UFLA351. The presence of the endophytic dark septate fungi did not inhibit mycorrhization and the formation of nodules of nitrogen fixing bacteria in gliricidia. Keywords:Fabaceae. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Endophytic. INTERAÇÃO MICROBIANA NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DA BIOMASSA DE GLIRICÍDIARESUMO -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação de micro-organismos no desenvolvimento da gliricídia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente aleatorizado composto por seis tratamentos (controle; inoculante microbiano nativo e quatro isolados fúngicos micorrízicos arbusculares: UFLA05 -Gigaspora albida, UFLA351 -Rhizoglomus clarum, UFLA372 -Claroideoglomus etunicatum e UFLA401 -Acaulospora morrowiae), com quatro repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: altura da planta, número de ramos, massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e da raiz, comprimento e volume de raiz, teor de fósforo foliar, colonização micorrízica, número de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares, número de nódulos de bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio, presença de fungos endofíticos "dark septate", após 95 dias da inoculação. A elevada colonização micorrízica da gliricídia não garante incremento da biomassa, a depender da interação de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares, de fungos endofíticos "dark septate", de bactérias fixadoras do nitrogênio e de bactérias endofíticas. A gliricídia foi responsiva à inoculação da microbiota nativa, UFLA372 e UFLA401. A colonização micorrízica por UFLA401 foi influenciada pela presença de bactérias fixadoras do nitrogênio. A gliricídia não foi responsiva à inoculação de UFLA05 e UFLA351. A ocorrência de fungos endofíticos "dark septate" não inibiu a micorrização e a formação de nódulos de bactérias f...