As denture cleansers should be able to reduce biofilm accumulation without changing the acrylic resin surface structure, this study evaluated the effect of denture cleansers on surface roughness of acrylic resin and on biofilm accumulation. It was conducted a crossover study of three phases of 4 days each and 13 volunteers wore palatal appliances containing four specimens of acrylic resin of known surface roughness which were extra-orally submitted once a day to three groups of separated treatments: (i) negative control, (ii) enzymatic commercial solution (Ortoform) or (iii) 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The appliances were immersed eight times a day in a 20% sucrose solution to enhance biofilm formation. On morning of the fifth day of each phase, the amount of biofilm formed on the specimens was estimated by the amount of protein extracted with alkali and the surface roughness of the specimens was again measured. New palatal appliances with new specimens were worn by the volunteers in the following phases, but the treatments were changed. The roughness of the resin increased after the treatments (P < 0.05) but the difference among the cleansers was not statistically significant (P = 0.85). The lowest amount of biofilm formed on acrylic resin specimens was found for the treatment with NaOCl (P < 0.05) but the enzymatic product did not differ from the negative control group (P > 0.05). The data suggest that the roughness of acrylic resin was not changed by the cleansers, but the ability to reduce biofilm accumulation depended on the product used.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an allogamic plant, which needs insects on flowering, especially the honeybees for seed production. Collecting nectar and pollen by honeybees in agricultural crops is essential to apiculture, as well as a better understanding of plant biology. The foraging behavior of Africanized Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) and its efficiency of pollination on seed yield of sunflower genotypes (open pollination and restricted pollination) were evaluated. There were peaks of visits by A. mellifera for nectar collection on the 2 nd and 3 rd flowering days between 7h00 and 8h30. The average density of A. mellifera during increased visitation ranged from 2.27 to 2.94 bees per capitulum. Nectar collecting bees were more frequent (2.28 bees per capitulum) than pollen collecting (0.40 bees per capitulum). On the 3 rd flowering day, Helio 360 and Aguará hybrids had higher (p ≤ 0.05) number of bee visits per flower head than the other genotypes. Seed yield was 43 % higher (p ≤ 0.05) from sunflower plants that were visited by pollinator-insects compared with plants restricted to pollinators.
This study aimed to develop a Geographic Information System (GIS), for storage of information and geographic location of apiaries in eight counties in western Paraná; study the local flora; the land used; and the honey productivity in the harvest of 2010 in two of these areas: Marechal Cândido Rondon and Santa Helena. In order to do so we used the software SPRING, delimiting a radius of action of bees of three kilometers around the apiaries. We interviewed and registered 126 beekeepers with 383 apiaries. By using the images we selected areas with greater and lower overlap of hives in Marechal Cândido Rondon (144 and 44 hives, respectively) and Santa Helena (165 and 40 hives, respectively), in a three kilometers radius, selecting 15 colonies in each area, for the study of the parameters cited. In the multivariate analysis of the grouping, five groups were formed, by their similarity of management, indicating the higher average production in the hives of the most populated area of Santa Helena and lower average production in the most populated of Marechal Cândido Rondon. The grouping of hives, the differences in the production of honey and floristic survey indicated that these differences could be associated with management, floristic and climatic differences recorded in the period of production, in the areas studied.
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