Rainfall erosivity and its spatial variability were studied for 54 pluviometric stations in Southern Minas Gerais State (48º00' -44º00'W; 23º50' -20º00'S), aiming to plan the land-use strategies. Therefore, erosivity factor was determined for the pluviometric stations, using long-term rainfall data sets obtained along with the Brazilian National Water Agency-ANA, which varied from 15 to 40 years. The monthly and annual erosivity indexes were generated using Fournier equation for Lavras, MG and the spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity was studied on the basis of geostatistical approaches considering only the distance which separates them, developing the isotropic experimental semivariogram. The semivariogram adjustment was done based on the Weighted Least Squares method and the spatial dependence degree. Once the structure and the semivariogram adjustment were defined, the ordinary kriging maps were created, providing erosivity spatial behavior in Southern Minas Gerais. It was observed that the Southern Minas Gerais presents high erosivity patterns, ranging from 5,145 to 7,776 MJ mm ha -1 h -1 year -1, in Ijaci (north of region) and Itajubá (southern region), respectively. Besides, it was verified that the erosivity indexes are intensely influenced by the topography, associated with climatic conditions. Higher erosivity is connected to areas with a higher altitude, such as along the Mantiqueira Range Mountain, and on high plateaus and mountain ranges in the North-Central part of the region. The geostatistical approach using longterm rainfall data in Southern region of Minas Gerais state, which is a relatively heterogeneous region in terms of altitude, soil depth and slope, showed to be adequate to the proposal of this study.

SUMMARYRainfall erosivity is one of the main factors related to water erosion in the tropics. This work focused on relating soil loss from a typic dystrophic Tb Haplic Cambisol (CXbd) and a typic dystrophic Red Latosol (LVdf) to different patterns of natural erosive rainfall. The experimental plots of approximately 26 m 2 (3 x 8.67 m) consisted of a CXbd area with a 0.15 m m -1 slope and a LVdf area with 0.12 m m -1 slope, both delimited by galvanized plates. Drainpipes were installed at the lower part of these plots to collect runoff, interconnected with a Geib or multislot divisor. To calculate erosivity (EI 30 ), rainfall data, recorded continuously at a weather station in Lavras, were used. The data of erosive rainfall events were measured (10 mm precipitation intervals, accuracy 0.2 mm, 24 h period, 20 min intervals), characterized as rainfall events with more than 10 mm precipitation, maximum intensity > 24 mm h -1 within 15 min, or kinetic energy > 3.6 MJ, which were used in this study to calculate the rainfall erosivity parameter, were classified according to the moment of peak precipitation intensity in advanced, intermediate and delayed patterns. Among the 139 erosive rainfall events with CXbd soil loss, 60 % were attributed to the advanced pattern, with a loss of 415.9 Mg ha -1 , and total losses of 776.0 Mg ha -1 . As for the LVdf, of the 93 erosive rainfall events with soil loss, 58 % were listed in the advanced pattern, with 37.8 Mg ha -1 soil loss and 50.9 Mg ha -1 of total soil loss. The greatest soil losses were observed in the advanced rain pattern, especially for the CXbd. From the Cambisol, the soil loss per rainfall event was greatest for the advanced pattern, being influenced by the low soil permeability.Index terms: rainfall erosivity, water erosion, kinetic energy, soil erodibility.( RESUMO: PERDAS DE SOLO EM CAMBISSOLO E LATOSSOLO VERMELHO, EM RELAÇÃO A TRÊS PADRÕES DE CHUVAS EROSIVAS

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Atrazine is still being used in no-till corn production in Brazil. This herbicide can be moved by overland flow and leached in the soil profile. In both ways, it can pollute water, either by reaching the groundwater or lakes and streams close to the crop field. This study evaluated the presence of atrazine in a dystrophic Yellow-Red Argisol and a dystrophic Melanic Gleisol in a corn field, where atrazine has been applied for 11 years. Overland flow was the main process of atrazine transport on hillslope and leaching was the most important process in the floodplain. Frequency and location of atrazine application in the landscape define this herbicide contamination process.Index terms: Herbicide, overland flow, maize. RESUMOAtrazina ainda é empregada em áreas sob plantio direto para a produção de milho no Brasil. Esse herbicida pode ser transportado por escoamento superficial ou pela lixiviação no perfil do solo. De uma forma ou de outra, ele pode contaminar a água do subsolo ou de lagos e cursos d'agua próximos à área de plantio. Este estudo avaliou a presença de atrazina em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico e em um Gleissolo Melânico distrófico em uma área de cultivo de milho, onde a atrazina tem sido utilizada há 11 anos. O escoamento superficial foi o principal processo de transporte de atrazina na encosta e a lixiviação foi o predominante na várzea. A frequência e a localização da aplicação de atrazina na paisagem definem o processo de contaminação deste herbicida.Termos para indexação: Herbicida, escoamento superficial, milho.

Rainfall erosivity and recurrence time for Lavras, Minas Gerais, BrazilRainfall erosivity is a major causative agent of soil erosion in the south region of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Thus, this study aimed to apply five distributions of probabilities to monthly and annual erosivity and estimate the recurrence time of these values with the best distribution of probability adjusted to the region of Lavras, MG. The precipitation series from 1961 to 2004 was used in the study and the distributions of probabilities were Gumbel, Gamma, Log-normal 2 and 3 parameters and Normal. The distributions Gamma and Gumbel produced the smallest number of non-adequate series, with only one recorded for the month of August. The other distributions produced a larger number of nonadequate series, especially, the Log-normal 2 parameters. Thus, it is recommended that for the calculation of erosivity, a previous assessment of the best distribution for each period of the studied series should be done, despite the data pointing out a considerable performance of the Gumbel distribution.Key words: water erosion, distribution of probabilities, data base. Erosividade das chuvas e tempo de recorrência para Lavras, Minas GeraisA erosividade das chuvas é um dos principais agentes causadores da erosão do solo, no sul de Minas Gerais. Por essa razão, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, aplicar cinco distribuições de probabilidades aos valores de erosividades, mensais e anual, e estimar o tempo de recorrência desses valores, com base na melhor distribuição de probabilidades ajustada para a região de Lavras, MG. A série de precipitações estudada foi de 1961 a 2004 e as distribuições de probabilidades utilizadas foram: Gumbel, Gama, Log-normal 2 e 3 parâmetros e Normal, ajustadas pelo método da Máxima Verossimilhança. Verificou-se que as distribuições Gama e Gumbel produziram o menor número de séries não adequadas, registrando-se apenas uma, para o mês de agosto. As demais distribuições produziram maiores números de séries não adequadas, especialmente, a distribuição Log-normal 2 parâmetros. Sendo assim, recomenda-se, para o cálculo de erosividade, que seja feita uma verificação prévia da melhor distribuição para cada período da série estudada, apesar de os dados apontarem um desempenho considerável da distribuição Gumbel.Palavras-chave: erosão hídrica, distribuição de probabilidade, banco de dados.

Atrazine still is a widely used herbicide in tropical soils to control annual broad-leaved weeds and annual grasses mainly in maize and sorghum plantations. Sorption and desorption in such soils are important processes that affect transport, ending with soil and water contamination, not only in these soils, but in other soils around the world. Lime and phosphate are important amendments in tropical soils to mitigate low fertility. These treatments can affect interaction among soil particles and between soil and atrazine. The objectives here were to evaluate the effect of lime, phosphate, and lime + phosphate treatments on sorption and transport of atrazine in a Typic Hapludult, using soil-erosion-plots at field conditions in a 3%-slope landscape 20 m away from the floodplain. Water- and sediment-sampler devices were used to measure runoff during an entire rainy season. Soil, water and sediments were sampled and analyzed for atrazine. By increasing pH and changing soil organic matter interaction with mineral particles, lime and lime + phosphate decreased sorption in the upper 20-cm layer. This affected leaching and runoff of atrazine, showing that when lime and lime + phosphate were applied to soil, this herbicide had more potential to go deeper in the soil profile, towards the groundwater, or to runoff towards the lower part of the landscape. However, even with increasing leaching, the amount of rainfall, and water infiltration, were enough to dilute atrazine into levels below the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of atrazine in drinking water.