<p><b>Conservation biology is an applied and multidisciplinary scientific discipline focused on promoting biodiversity and preserving species at risk of extinction. Animal personality (defined as consistent behaviour within and variation among individual animals) has frequently been linked to survival, reproduction, movement, and other environmental interactions. Therefore, it has been suggested that incorporating animal personality helps mitigate conservation problems. However, the extent to which this has been attempted and the feasibility of doing so still require evaluation. Therefore, I aimed to examine the full extent of how animal personality has been incorporated into conservation, test how feasible measuring personality in real conservation contexts is and assess the applications of personality from a conservation perspective. </b></p> <p>First, I performed a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature on conservation biology and animal personality. Second, to address the lack of appropriate and practical applications of personality in real-world conservation contexts, I adapted existing conservation management protocols for a conservation dependent species, the North Island robin, hereafter referred to by its Māori name toutouwai. Toutouwai is a threatened species that fit the typical characteristics of New Zealand’s avifauna in that they are naïve to mammals, including humans. Thus, toutouwai are highly susceptible to invasive mammalian predators but willingly engage in behavioural tasks in the wild. Using this system I adapted standard conservation monitoring procedures, and an anti-predator training procedure to take personality measures of individuals. This system makes for a unique opportunity to study personality in a real-world conservation setting. </p> <p>From the review, I found that personality has been applied to a broad range of conservation contexts but is not well executed with approximately half of all studies falling short of appropriate methods for quantifying personality. Furthermore, there was a lack of conservation-focused content or applications in the studies that measured personality appropriately, indicating personality as a conservation tool is at an infant stage. From my tests implementing personality into conservation, I found that incorporating personality through adapting conservation management procedures and anti-predator interventions in the wild is feasible under ideal conditions. However, both tests highlight the need for focused research on ecological function and may be prohibitive for most conservationists to expend resources on currently. Overall, personality has a place in conservation but probably in fewer contexts than has been previously suggested</p>

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd Despite decades of comparative research, how selection shapes the evolution of cognitive traits remains poorly understood [1–3]. Several lines of evidence suggest that natural selection acts on spatial memory in food-caching species [3–6]. However, a link between reproductive fitness and spatial memory ability has yet to be demonstrated in any caching species [1, 3, 6]. Here, we show that memory performance influences reproductive success differentially for males and females in a caching songbird, the New Zealand robin (Petroica longipes). Males’ memory performance in a spatial task during winter influenced their subsequent breeding success; individuals with more accurate performance produced more fledglings and independent offspring per nesting attempt. Males with superior memory performance also provided an increased proportion of large prey items to chicks in the nest and spent less time flying while foraging and provisioning. No such effects were found for females. Previous research reveals that trade-offs may constrain selection and act to maintain variation in cognitive traits [7]. The gender dimorphism in the reproductive benefits of robin memory performance suggests an additional role for divergent selection between the sexes in constraining runaway selection on male memory ability [8], ultimately maintaining variation in this cognitive trait. Shaw et al. investigate whether spatial memory performance influences reproductive success in a food-caching bird, the New Zealand robin. The sexes differ in the reproductive and behavioral consequences of memory performance, suggesting that divergent selection between the sexes may constrain selection and maintain cognitive variation in the wild.

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd Despite decades of comparative research, how selection shapes the evolution of cognitive traits remains poorly understood [1–3]. Several lines of evidence suggest that natural selection acts on spatial memory in food-caching species [3–6]. However, a link between reproductive fitness and spatial memory ability has yet to be demonstrated in any caching species [1, 3, 6]. Here, we show that memory performance influences reproductive success differentially for males and females in a caching songbird, the New Zealand robin (Petroica longipes). Males’ memory performance in a spatial task during winter influenced their subsequent breeding success; individuals with more accurate performance produced more fledglings and independent offspring per nesting attempt. Males with superior memory performance also provided an increased proportion of large prey items to chicks in the nest and spent less time flying while foraging and provisioning. No such effects were found for females. Previous research reveals that trade-offs may constrain selection and act to maintain variation in cognitive traits [7]. The gender dimorphism in the reproductive benefits of robin memory performance suggests an additional role for divergent selection between the sexes in constraining runaway selection on male memory ability [8], ultimately maintaining variation in this cognitive trait. Shaw et al. investigate whether spatial memory performance influences reproductive success in a food-caching bird, the New Zealand robin. The sexes differ in the reproductive and behavioral consequences of memory performance, suggesting that divergent selection between the sexes may constrain selection and maintain cognitive variation in the wild.